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Yakın Kızıl Ötesi (Near-IR) Boyalar ve Bu Boyaların Tıp Alanında Kullanımları

Near-IR (NIR) (yakın kızıl ötesi) floresan boyalarla hedefe yönelik görüntüleme (tanı) ve tedavi imkânı, görüntülerin renk yansıması ve floresan emisyonundan alınan datalar yardımıyla gerçekleştirilir ve özellikle derin yüzeyde bulunan dokuların görüntülenmesinde önemli rol oynar. Bu moleküllerin soğurma ve floresans yaptıkları bölge NIR spektroskopisinin (NIRS) moleküler görüntülemelerdeki seçici alanı olarak tanımlanır (650-850 nm). NIR floresan boyalar genel olarak NIR görüntüleme içeren çalışmalarda kullanılmasına rağmen günümüzde fotodinamik tedavi de kendine yer bulmaktadırlar. Klinik öncesi araştırmalarda, ftalosiyanin, klorin, porfirin, bakterioklorin, siyanin, alexfluore ve çeşitli bodipy serileri vb. NIR floresan boyalar/ajanlar kullanılmaktadır. Bu boyalardan özellikle görüntüleme çalışmalarında en öne çıkanı, diğer boyalara kıyasla ileri fotofiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklere sahip ftalosiyaninlerdir. NIR boyaların kullanılmasının mevcut ve potansiyel avantajlarının yanında bu boyaların toksisite sorunu boyaların klinikte kullanılmasını kısıtlamaktadır. Klinikte kullanılan FDA onaylı tek boya indosiyanin yeşilidir ve ihmal edilebilir yan etkileriyle, kardiyak fonksiyonların kontrolü, karaciğer çıktıları ve retinal anjiyografi gibi klinik alanlarda kullanılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, birçok önemli sorunlar taşımakla birlikte günümüzde hala güvenli kullanıma uygun olmayan NIR boyaların yakın gelecekte bahsi geçen uygulamalarda uygun olarak kullanılabilecek kimyasal, fotokimyasal ve fotofiziksel özellikleri geliştirilmiş şekilde üretilmesi ihtiyacı kaçınılmazdır. Bununla beraber geliştirilmiş ve/veya geliştirilecek olan NIR floroforların nanopartiküler sistemlerle birleştirilerek ve/veya ajan moleküller ile hedef belirlenerek NIRS ve terapi yönünden daha avantajlı hale getirilmesi gereklidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yakın kızıl ötesi boyalar, fotodinamik terapi, ftalosiyanin, teranostik, hedefe yönelik görüntüleme, floresan sistemler

Near-Infrared Dyes and Their Use in Medical Science

Targeted imaging (diagnosis) and therapy using near-infrared (NIR) dyes can be accomplished with the help of the data obtained from fluorescence emission of the fluorophores and play an important role particularly in deep tissue imaging. The area NIR dyes absorb and emit light is defined as NIR spectroscopy (NIRS, 650–850 nm). Although NIR dyes are widely used for imagining purposes, they also find application in photodynamic therapy. In preclinical studies, phthalocyanine (Pc), chlorine, porphyrin, bacteriochlorin, cyanine, Alexa-fluor, and various BODIPY dye series are used as NIR fluorescent dyes/agents. When compared to other dyes, one of the most promising NIR dye is Pc because of their photophysical and chemical properties particularly for the imaging applications. Although NIR dyes have several advantages, their toxicity limits their usage in clinics. Indocyanine green, having negligible side effects, is the only FDA approved NIR dye used in clinics. It is used for controlling of cardiac function, liver output, and retinal angiography. In conclusion, the development of new generation NIR dyes with improved chemical, photophysical, and photochemical properties that are more appropriate for the aforementioned applications is inevitable. Nevertheless, the NIR dyes that have been developed and will be developed should be combined with the nanoparticular systems and/or targeting moieties to make them more advantageous for NIRS and therapy.

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