Orta Çağ İngiltere’sinde Şeriflik Kurumunun Gelişimine Dair Mukayeseli Bir Değerlendirme

Çalışmamızda, İngilizce konuşulan birçok ülkede görülen şeriflik kurumunun Orta Çağ İngiltere’sindeki kökenleri ve gelişim süreci araştırılmıştır. Bunun için kurumun Anglo-Sakson krallıkları döneminden itibaren oluşumu incelenmiş, devamında yetkilerinin genişlemesi ve daralması ele alınmıştır. Şerifliğin, gerefa, reeve, kont, vikont, aldermen gibi muhtelif görevlilerle ilişkisi, onların taşrada, asayiş, yargı ve yürütme erkelerine sahip olma süreçleri, sonrasında da zamanla bu yetkilerindeki daralmaları incelenmiştir. Özellikle mali konularda kralın işini kolaylaştırmakla birlikte yine aynı hususlarda muhtelif sorunların çıkmasına sebep olan kişiler oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Öte yandan kralın taşradaki merkezileştirme aracı olarak soylu sınıfının tepkisini çekmeleri ve reform çalışmalarının çoğunda onlarla ilgili maddelerin yer aldığı görülmüştür. Bütün bu değerlendirmeler için Henry of Huntingdon ve Roger of Howden gibi dönem kaynaklarından bazı örneklerle birlikte; William Stubbs, F. W. Maitland, William A. Morris, Judith Green ve Keith Feiling başta olmak üzere bu alanda önemli çalışmalar yapmış modern araştırmacılardan istifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca şeriflik ile benzer fonksiyonlara sahip olan Kıta’daki vikont ve İslam dünyasındaki kadılık kurumlarıyla kıyaslamalarda bulunulmuştur. Bu doğrultuda kadılıkla ilgili Nizamü'l-Mülk ve İmam Maverdi’nin bazı değerlendirmeleri nakledilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Şeriflik, Gerefa, Aldermen, Reeve, Kadı

A Comparative Evaluation of the Development of the Sheriff's Office in Medieval England

In our study, the origins and development process of the sheriff's office in Medieval England, which is seen in many English-speaking countries, has been investigated. For this purpose, the formation of the institution from the period of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms has been studied. Afterwards, the expansion and contraction of its powers were discussed. The relationship of the sheriff's office with various officials such as gerefa, reeve, count, viscount, aldermen has been analyzed. In addition, their processes of having security, judicial and executive powers in the provinces, and then their loss of some of these powers were examined. It has been determined that they cause some problems, especially in financial matters, while making the king's job facilitate. On the other hand, they drew the reaction of the noble class as a means of centralizing the king in the provinces. For this reason, it has been seen that most of the reform studies include provision related to them. For all these evaluations, some examples from period sources such as Henry of Huntingdon and Roger of Howden were used. Afterwards, modern researchers who made important studies in this field, especially William Stubbs, F. W. Maitland, William A. Morris, Judith Green and Keith Feiling, were used. In addition, comparisons were made with the viscount in the Continent, which has similar functions with the sheriff, and the kadi in the Islamic world. For this purpose, some of the opinions of Nizamü'l-Mülk and Imam Maverdi on the institution of kadi have been conveyed.

Keywords:

Sheriff, Gerefa, Aldermen, Reeve, Kadi,

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