Nörosarkoidoza genel bir bakış

Sarkoidoz idiyopatik, kronik, kazeifikasyon göstermeyen granülom oluşumu ile seyreden granülamatöz bir hastalıktır. Hemen her organı etkileyebilmekle birlikte en sık akciğer, hiler lenf nodülü ve göz tutulumu izlenir. Santral sinir sistemi (SSS) tutulumu (nörosarkoidoz) vakalarının yaklaşık % 5 - 15'inde gözlenir. Sarkoidozun SSS'ni etkilemesi meninkslerden infiltrasyonuna sekonder pakimenenjit, kranyal nöropati, hidrosefali, ensefalopati ve hipotalamik fonksiyon bozukluğu ile kendini gösterir. Sinir sisteminin herhangi bir bölgesinin etkilenebilmesi nedeni ile hastalar çok farklı şikayetler ile başvurabilirler. Klinik ve nöroradyolojik bulgular arasında kranyal nöropati, aseptik menenjit, ensefalopati, vaskülopati, nöbet, hidrosefali, kafa içi kitle, kiazmatik, hipotalamik veya pitüiter lezyonlar, kognitif veya psikiyatrik bulgular, multipl skleroz benzeri özellikler, ekstra-aksiyel kitle lezyonları, miyelopati, periferik nöropati ve miyopati yer almaktadır. Nörosarkoidoz tanısı, özelikle diğer sistemik bulguların yokluğunda oldukça güç olabilmektedir. Tanıda klinik bulguların yanı sıra, uygun görüntüleme incelemeleri, serolojik ve histopatolojik testler kullanılmaktadır. Ayırıcı tanıda infektif, demiyelinizan, granülamatöz, neoplastik ve bağ dokusu hastalıkları düşünülmelidir. Tedavisinde kortikosteroidler, sitotoksik ilaçlar, immün baskılayıcı tedaviler ve radyoterapi yer almaktadır.

A general approach to neurosarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic, chronic, granulamatous disease characterized by non-caseating granuloma, affecting almost any organ, but primarily the lungs, hilar lymph nodes, and the eyes. The central nervous system (CNS) is affected only in about 5- 15% of cases, called neurosarcoidosis. Involvement of CNS in sarcoidosis arises from the infiltration of the meninges leading to pachymeningitis, cranial neuropathies, hydrocephalus, encephalopathy, hypothalamic dysfunction. As any part of the nervous system could be affected from sarcoidosis, patients could present with a wide variety of symptoms. Clinical and neuroradiological manifestations include cranial neuropathy, aseptic meningitis, encephalopathy, vasculopathy, seizures, hydrocephalus, intracranial mass, cranial polyneuritis, chiasmal, hypothalamic and pituitary lesions, cognitive or psychiatric manifestations, multiple sclerosislike features, extraaxial mass lesions called local pseudotumors, myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy and myopathy. Neurosarcoidosis especially in the absence of systemic signs of sarcoidosis is a diagnostic challenge, which is made clinically with the aid of appropriate imaging studies, serological evaluation and histopathological studies. Its differential diagnosis should be made with other infectious, demyelinating, granulomatous, neoplastic, and connective tissue disorders affecting the nervous system. Treatment includes corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs, immunosuppressive agents and radiotherapy.

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