Aylin GÜNGÖR, Ayşe BEYAN, Gülin Gökçen KESİCİ, Arif ÇİMRİN

şitme Kaybında İşe Uygunluk Değerlendirmesi

İşitme kaybı, tüm dünyada engelliliğe neden olan hastalıklar arasında üst sıralarda yer almaktadır. Yaşa bağlı (presbiakuzi) ve gürültüye bağlı işitme kayıpları (GBİK) erişkin yaş işitme kayıplarının en sık nedenleridir. Dünya genelinde yaşlı nüfus oranının arttığı ve aynı oranda bu kişilerin çalışma hayatına katılımlarının da arttığı bilinmektedir. İşitme kaybı olan kişilerin, işsizlik ve eksik istihdam edilme oranlarının topluma göre daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu kişilerin çalışma hayatında olmamaları direkt ekonomik kayıpların yanında; sosyal izolasyon, kognitif bozulma ve demans sorunlarına bağlı olarak indirekt kayıplara da neden olmaktadır. İşitme kaybı olan kişilerin uygun işe yerleştirilmeleri kişi ve toplum açısından fayda sağlayacaktır. İşe uygunluk; belirli bir zaman diliminde; belirli bir işin gereklilikleri ile işi yapacak çalışanın yetkinlikleri arasındaki uyumu tanımlamaktadır. İşitme kayıplı çalışanın işe uygunluk değerlendirmesi; kişinin klinik durumunun saptanması, işitme kaybıyla ilişkili olabilecek ayrıntılı iş koşullarının öğrenilmesi ve iş ile kişinin uyumunun değerlendirilmesi olmak üzere 3 basamaktan oluşmaktadır. Bu işlemler yapılırken kayıt tutulması ve eksiksiz olarak değerlendirme yapılması için oluşturduğumuz bir form ekte sunulmuştur. Bu çalışmayla, çalışanda işitme kaybının tanımlanması, işin özelliklerinin incelenmesi ve işe uygunluk değerlendirmesi esaslarının, çeşitli ülke ve sektör örnekleri verilerek, oluşturulan form yardımıyla anlatılması amaçlanmıştır.

Assessment Of Fıtness For Work In Hearıng Loss

Hearing loss is among the top diseases that cause disability worldwide. Age-related (presbycusis) and noise-related hearing loss are the most common causes of adult onset hearing loss. As the proportion of elderly population has increased worldwide, the participation elderly people in working life has increased. People with hearing loss have higher rates of unemployment and underemployment compared to society. In addition to the direct economic loss, the absence of these people in working life also causes indirect losses due to social isolation, cognitive impairment and dementia. Placing people with hearing loss in appropriate positions at work will benefit the individual and society. Fitness for work (FFW) defines the harmony between the requirements of a specific job and the competencies of the employee who will do the job in a certain period of time. FFW assessment of the hearing-impaired employee consists of 3 steps: determining the clinical condition of the person, learning the detailed job conditions that may be related to hearing loss, and evaluating the fitness of the person with the job. A form that we have created to keep records and make a complete evaluation while performing these transactions is attached. It is aimed to describe the employee's hearing loss, to examine the characteristics of the job and to explain the principles of FFW assessment by giving examples from various countries and sectors.

PDF

___

Bakır, S. (2015). İşitmenin değerlendirilmesi ve odyoloji. KBB Notları, JCAM, 16–28,
Beatty J. (2018) Chronic Illness Stigma and Its Relevance in the Workplace. In: Thomson S., Grandy G. (eds) Stigmas, Work and Organizations. Palgrave Explorations in Workplace Stigma. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56476-4_3(01.10.2020)
Beyan, C., Demiral, A., & Erdal, Y. (2020). Stigma toward Worker with Occupational Diseases: A Qualitative Study. Anatol J Family Med, 3(1), 31–39.
Brown, A. D., Beemer, B. T., Greene, N. T., Argo, T., Meegan, G. D., & Tollin, D. J. (2015). Effects of active and passive hearing protection devices on sound source localization, speech recognition, and tone detection. PLoS ONE, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136568 (08.10.2020)
Coggon, D., & Palmer, K. T. (2010). Assessing fitness for work and writing a “fit note” Europe PMC Funders Group. BMJ, 26, 341 Cruickshanks, K. J., Tweed, T. S., Wiley, T. L., Klein, B. E. K., Klein, R., Chappell,
R., Nondahl, D. M., & Dalton, D. S. (2003). The 5-year incidence and progression of hearing loss: The epidemiology of hearing loss study. Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 129(10), 1041–1046.
Cunningham, L. L., & Tucci, D. L. (2017). Hearing loss in adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(25), 2465–2473. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1616601
Davis, R. R., & Clavier, O. (2017). Impulsive noise: A brief review. In Hearing Research 349, 34–36.
Deshaies, P., Martin, R., Belzile, D., Fortier, P., Laroche, C., Leroux, T., Nélisse, H., Girard, S. A., Arcand, R., Poulin, M., & Picard, M. (2015). Noise as an explanatory factor in work-related fatality reports. Noise and Health, 17(78), 294–299.
Gerges, S. N. Y., Vedsmand, M. L., & Lester, M. H. (1995). WHO/Occupational exposure to noise: evaluation, prevention and control- 11- Personal Measures and Hearing Conservation 297-316.
ILO. (1998). Technical and ethical guidelines for workers’ health surveillance. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/--- safework/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_177384.pdf (08.10.2020)
ILO. (2011). Sectoral Activities Programme ILO/IMO/JMS/2011/12 Guidelines on the medical examinations of seafarers https://www.ics-shipping.org/docs/defaultsource/ILO-MLC-docs/ilo-imo-guidelines-on-the-medical-examinations-ofseafarers.pdf?sfvrsn=4 (08.10.2020) INTERIM AFAC. (2002). Guidelines for Health and Fitness Monitoring of Australasian Fire and Emergency Service.
Jung, D., & Bhattacharyya, N. (2012). Association of hearing loss with decreased employment and income among adults in the United States. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, 121(12), 771–775.
Le Prell, C. G., Yamashita, D., Minami, S. B., Yamasoba, T., & Miller, J. M. (2007). Mechanisms of noise-induced hearing loss indicate multiple methods of prevention. Hearing Research, 226(1–2), 22–43.
Liberman, M. C. (2016). Noise-induced hearing loss: Permanent versus temporary threshold shifts and the effects of hair cell versus neuronal degeneration. In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology , 875, 1–7.
Lin, F. R., Yaffe, K., Xia, J., Xue, Q. L., Harris, T. B., Purchase-Helzner, E., Satterfield, S., Ayonayon, H. N., Ferrucci, L., & Simonsick, E. M. (2013). Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults. JAMA Internal Medicine, 173(4), 293–299.
Lin, F. R., & Albert, M. (2014). Hearing loss and dementia—Who is listening? Aging and Mental Health, 18(6), 671–673.
Marlenga, B., Berg, R., Linneman, J., Pickett, W., & Wood, D. (2014). Asymmetry in noise-induced hearing loss: Evaluation of two competing theories. Noise and Health, 16(69), 102.
OSHA. (2001). 1910.95 App F - Calculations and application of age corrections to audiograms | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/lawsregs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.95AppF (09.10.2020)
OSHA. (2013), Safety and Health Topics | Occupational Noise Exposure—Exposure & Controls | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/noisehearingconservation/evaluation.html (09.10.2020)
OSHA. (2018, a). Safety and Health Information Bulletins | Innovative Workplace Safety Accommodations for Hearing-Impaired Workers | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib072205.html (09.10.2020)
OSHA. (2018, b). Preventing Hearing Loss Caused by Chemical (Ototoxicity) and Noise Exposure Safety and Health Information Bulletin.
Peckham, T. K., Baker, M. G., Camp, J. E., Kaufman, J. D., & Seixas, N. S. (2017). Creating a Future for Occupational Health. 61(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxw011 (09.10.2020)
Serra, C., Rodriguez, M. C., Delclos, G. L., Plana, M., Gómez López, L. I., & Benavides, F. G. (2007). Criteria and methods used for the assessment of fitness for work: A systematic review. In Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 64, 5, 304–312
Shan, A., Ting, J. S., Price, C., Goman, A. M., Willink, A., Reed, N. S., & Nieman, C. L. (2020). Hearing loss and employment: A systematic review of the association between hearing loss and employment among adults. Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 134(5), 387–397.
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Sürücü Adayları ve Sürücülerde Aranacak Sağlık Şartları ile Muayenelerine Dair Yönetmelik (2006), Resmî Gazete (2630, 26 Eylül 2006). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=10664&MevzuatTur=7 &MevzuatTertip=5 (09.10.2020)
T.C Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2013), İşyeri Hekimi Ve Diğer Sağlık Personelinin Görev, Yetki, Sorumluluk ve Eğitimleri Hakkında Yönetmelik. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=18615&MevzuatTur=7 &MevzuatTertip=5 (24.09.2020)
Theis, K. A., Steinweg, A., Helmick, C. G., Courtney-Long, E., Bolen, J. A., & Lee, R. (2019). Which one? What kind? How many? Types, causes, and prevalence of disability among U.S. adults. Disability and Health Journal, 12(3), 411–421.
TUİK. (2018). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2018 Wallhagen, M. I. (2010). The stigma of hearing loss. Gerontologist, 50(1), 66–75.
WHO. (2019) Hearing loss: Rising prevalence and impact. WHO; World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.19.224683 (08.09.2020)
WHO. (2020) Deafness and hearing loss. WHO; World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearingloss (08.10.2020)
Williams, H. L., Costley, T., Bellury, L. M., & Moobed, J. (2018). Do health promotion behaviors affect levels of job satisfaction and job stress for nurses in an acute care hospital? Journal of Nursing Administration, 48(6), 342–348.
Zaffina, S. Moscato, U. (2019). Disability management and workforce aging. Health promotion strategies and projects in health companies of two academic IRCCS. J Prev Med Hyg., 60(3 Supplement 1), E47–E48. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.3s1 (08.09.2020)
Zahnert, T. (2011). Differenzialdiagnose der schwerhörigkeit. In Deutsches Arzteblatt, 108, 25, 433–444.