Akuakültürde Akuaponik Sistemler ve Önemi

Yetiştiricilikte su kaynaklarının doğru kullanımı, bilinçli gıda üretimini de beraberinde getirmektedir. Akuakültürde resirküle sistemlerin kullanımı optimum miktarda su ihtiyacını karşılamasına rağmen, yetiştiricilik ile ortaya çıkan atıklar akuatik sistemdeki canlılara zarar verebilmektedir. Bu nedenle yetiştiricilik tanklarındaki atıklar ortamdan uzaklaştırılmakta ve doğaya verilmektedir. Bu da çevre kirliliğini arttırmaktadır. Son zamanlarda bu soruna çözüm olarak geliştirilmiş olan akuaponik sistemler oldukça önem kazanmıştır. Akuaponik sistemler akuakültür (sucul yetiştiricilik) ve hidroponik (topraksız tarım) sistemlerin entegrasyonu ile meydana gelen bir polikültür sistemdir. Akuaponik sistemler, suyun akuakültürde ve bitki tarımında sürekli bir döngü içinde, sürdürülebilir kullanımını sağlar. Akuakültür tanklarında biriken nutrientce zengin atıklar, bitkilerin büyümesi için gerekli doğal gübreyi sağlarken, akuatik canlılar için zararlı olan amonyak, bitkiler ve yararlı bakteriler tarafından sudan uzaklaştırılmaktadır. Zararlı atıklardan arındırılmış su tekrar akuakültür tanklarına verilerek, akuatik ortamın ihtiyacı olan temiz su sağlanmaktadır. Akuakültür ortamında oluşan doğal gübre ise, bitkilerin amonyak ihtiyacını karşılamaktadır. Akuaponik sistemde tilapya, koi, japon balığı, sazan, tatlısu levreği, yayın, karabalık gibi akuatik canlılar ile marul, ıspanak, roka, fesleğen, nane, su teresi, domates, biber, salatalık, fasulye, bezelye ve kabak gibi bitkiler yetiştirilebilmektedir. Sistemin su parametreleri yaklaşık olarak; sıcaklık 24 o C, pH 7, çözünmüş oksijen 6,2 mg/L olmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Akuakültür, sürdürülebilir yetiştiricilik, akuaponik sistemler, akuaponik sistem tasarımları

Place and Importance of Aquaponic Systems in Aquaculture

Conscious food production in aquaculture requires correct using of water resources. Although recirculated systems provide optimum amount of water in aquaculture, wastes from aquaculture damages to animals and plants in the system. Therefore, wastes in the aquaculture tanks are removed from the system and discharged into the environment. These type of waste discharges increase pollution load of the environment. Aquaponic systems which had developed to solve this problem have come into prominence recently.Aquaponic systems are polyculture systems which consist of integrating aquacultural and hydroponic systems. Aquaponic systems make possible to using sustainably and continuously recirculation of water between aquaculture and plant agriculture. Discharging water from aquaculture tanks which is rich in nutrient supply natural fertilizer to growth of plants. Also plants and useful bacteria remove using ammonia which is harmful for aquatic organisms, from water. Clean water which is required in aquatic environment is supplied giving treated water into aquaculture tanks again. Natural fertilizer which consist of in aquaculture tanks supply ammonia requirements of plants. Tilapia, koi fish, goldfish, carp, perch fish, catfish, North African catfish, etc. are cultured with lettuce, spinach, arugula, basil, mint, watercress, tomato, pepper, cucumber, bean, green pea, zucchini etc. in aquaponic systems. Temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen of the water should be 24 o C, 7.0 and 6.2 mg/L respectively in the system, approximately.Aquaculture without hormone, herbicide, pesticide and artificial fertilizer in aquaponic systems decreases pollution load of the environment and makes possible to cultivating ecological productions. In addition, aquaponic systems makes possible to use 90% lesser water than standard plant cultivation. Small or big scale different designs can be developed for aquaponic systems. Different and developed sample designs of aquaponic systems have been reviewed in the study.

Keywords:

Aquaculture, Sustainable Aquaculture, Aquaponic Systems, Aquaponic Systems Designs,

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