İşlevselci-Tip Özdeşliği Kuramı ve Bilinç Problemi

David Lewis, özellikle işlevselci sezgilere müracaat etmesi itibariyle, Tip Özdeşliği Kuramı’nın savunucuları arasında önemli bir figürdü. Bu kurama göre, herhangi tipteki bir zihinsel hal en nihayetinde belirli tipteki bir nöro-kimyasal halden başka bir şey değildir. Bu indirgemeci yaklaşımın belki de en etkili ve yıkıcı güçteki eleştirisi ise Thomas Nagel’in “Yarasa Olmak Nasıl Bir Şeydir?” başlıklı meşhur makalesinden gelir. Nagel’a göre, spesifik olarak Tip Özdeşliği ve İşlevselcilik, genel olarak ise Fizikalizm zihne dair son derece önemli bir noktayı açıklamada başarısız kalır: Bilinç. Bu makalede ilk önce Lewis’in savunduğu kuramı açıklayacağım. İkinci bölümde, Nagel’in genel olarak Fizikalizm kategorisi altında yer alan bütün kuramlara yönelik eleştirisini sunacağım. Son bölümde, önce Lewis’in bu eleştiriye nasıl cevap verebileceğini, daha sonrasında ise Nagel’in Lewis’in bu eleştirisine nasıl karşı çıkabileceğini açıklayacağım. Son olarak bu tartışmaya dair kısa bir yorumda bulunacağım.

Functionalist-Type Identity Theory and Problem of Consciousness

David Lewis, particularly with respect to his resort to functionalist intuitions, was one of the important figures among the defenders of Type Identity Theory. According to this theory, any type of mental state is actually nothing but a certain type of neurochemical state. Perhaps the most effective and destructive criticism against this reductionist approach came from Thomas Nagel’s famous essay “What is it like to be a bat?”. For Nagel, Type Identity and Functionalism in particular and Physicalism, in general, fail to explain a pivotal point about the mind: Consciousness. In this article, I will first explain the theory defended by Lewis. In the second section, I will present Nagel’s criticism against all the theories which fall under the category of Physicalism in general. In the last section, I will first explain how Lewis would respond to this criticism, later I will explain how Nagel would counter Lewis’ criticism. In the end, I will briefly comment on this debate.

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