Construction of a regional financial ınclusion ındex in Turkey

Söz konusu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiyenin ekonomik bölgeleri ve illeri için 2004 ve 2010 yıllarını kapsayan, yedi yıllık finansal içerme indeksi hesaplamaktır. Bu çok boyutlu ve yedi yıllık indeks ile Türkiyedeki bölgeleri ve illeri finansal içerme bazında birbirleriyle göreceli karşılaştırma imkanı da elde edilmiş olacaktır. Türkiye bazındaki finansal ulaşım göstergeleri kullanılarak 0 ile 1 rakamları arasındaki değerlerle finansal içerme derecesini gösteren bir indeks hesaplanmış olacaktır. Bulunan ampirik sonuçlara göre; bölgesel ve il bazında finansal içerme oranları söz konusu bölge ve illerin gelişmişlik düzeyleriyle doğru orantılıdır. İstanbul gibi gelişmiş bölgeler yüksek finansal içerme oranlarına sahipken; Güney Doğu Anadolu gibi bölgelerin finansal içerme oranları düşük bulunmuştur. Kanun yapıcıların bu sonuçları esas alarak yapacakları yeni düzenlemelerle bireylerin finansal araçları kullanımı arttırılıp, ekonomiye daha fazla dahil olmaları sağlanmalıdır.

Finansal içerme ve ekonomik kalkınma: Türkiye örneği

This paper examines a multidimensional measurement of financial inclusion to gauge the extent of financial system across time in Turkey. A multidimensional index of financial inclusion has been developed to allow for comparison among regions and provinces of Turkey in terms of financial inclusion for policymakers. Financial access indicators are used to construct and index lying between 0 and 1. The normalized indicators are than extracted by the Euclidean distance formula. The empirical results show that financial inclusion values are parallel to the income levels of the regions and provinces. The high income level regions and provinces tend to have higher levels of financial inclusion and vice versa. These results should be primarily used by policymakers for future reference of the new legislations of financial inclusion.

PDF

___

1. Barr, M., 2004. Banking the Poor, Yale Journal on Regulation 21, pp. 122- 239
2. Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, and Ross Levine. 2004. Finance, Firm Size, and Growth. Working Paper W10983. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.
3. Beck, Thorsten, and Augusto de la Torre. 2006. The Basic Analytics of Access to Financial Services. Policy Research Working Paper 4026. Washington: World Bank.
4. Beck, T., A. Demirguc-Kunt, M. Soledad, M. Peria, 2007. Reaching out: Access to and use of banking services across countries, Journal of Financial Economics, 85, pp. 234-266
5. Buckland, J., B. Guenther, G. Boichev, H. Geddie, M. Mutch, 2005. There are no banks here: financial and insurance exclusion services in Winnipegs North End, Winnipeg Inter-City Research Alliance.
6. CGAP (2009). Financial Access 2009: Measuring Access to Financial Services around the World. Washington DC, Consultative Group to Assist the Poor/The World Bank.
7. CGAP (2010). Financial Access 2010: Measuring Access to Financial Services around the World. Washington DC, Consultative Group to Assist the Poor/The World Bank.
8. Charkravarty, S.R. & Pal, R. (2010). Measuring financial inclusion: An Axiomatic Approach. IGIDR, WP 2010(3).
9. Collard, S., E. Kempson and C. Whyley, 2001. Tackling Financial Exclusion An area-based approach. The Policy Press, UK.
10. Connolly, C., K. Hajaj, 2001. Financial Services and Social Exclusion, Financial Services Consumer Policy Centre, University of New South Wales.
11. Conroy, D., John, 2008. Financial inclusion: A new microfinance initiative for APEC, Microfinance Workshop The APEC Business Advisory Council, Grand Hyatt Jakarta. Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP). 2009a. Financial Access 2009: Measuring Access to Financial Services around the World. Washington.
12. Corr, C., 2006. Financial Exclusion in Ireland: An exploratory study and policy review, Combat Poverty Agency Research Series 39.
13. Djankov, S., P. Miranda, E. Seira, S. Sharma, 2008. Who are the Unbanked ? , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4647.
14. European Commission, 2008. Financial services Provision and Prevention of Financial Exclusion Report by the Director General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, European Commission.
15. Hannig, A. and Jansen, S., 2010. Financial Inclusion and Financial Stability: Current Policy Issues, ADBI Working Paper Series 259.
16. Hicks, J. (1969). A Theory of Economic History, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
17. Honohan, Patrick. 2004. Financial Development, Growth and Poverty: How Close Are the Links? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3203.Washington: World Bank (February).
18. Ibrahim, b., Muhammed, 2010. Sustainable financial inclusion, Speech given at The Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI) Data Workshop. Lanai Kijang, Kuala Lumpur, June 22 (http://www.bis.org/review/r100625e.pdf).
19. Kar, M.. (2001). Finansal Kalkınma ve Eknonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2): 150169.
20. Kar, M. ve Agir, H.. (2006). Menkul Kıymet Piyasaları, Finansal Kalkınma ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Türkiye Örneği, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası 56: 131
21. Kar, M. ve Pentecost, E.. (2000). the Direction of Causality Between Financial Development and Economic Growth in Turkey: Further Evidence. Economic Research Paper, Department of Economics, Loughborough University, No. 00/27. Loughborough.
22. Kempson E, A. Atkinson, O. Pilley, 2004. Policy level response to financial exclusion in developed economies: lessons for developing countries, Report of Personal Finance Research Centre, University of Bristol.
23. Kempson, E., C.Whyley, 1998. Access to Current Accounts, British Bankers
24. Association, London.
25. Kempson, E., C.Whyley, 1999. Kept out or opted out?. Policy Press, Bristol.
26. Kempson, E., C.Whyley, 2001. Payment of Pension and Benefits, Department for Work and Pension, London.
27. Kendall, J., N. Mylenko, and A. Ponce (2010). Measuring Financial Access around the World.Policy Research Working Paper 5253. World Bank, Washington, DC.
28. Latifee, H., I., 2008. Financial Inclusion Why & How, Speech given at The 2nd International Conference on Educating of Poverty through Microcredit. Kahramanmaras, Turkey, November 28 . http://www.grameentrust.org/Financial_Inclusion-Why&How.pdf).
29. Levine, R. (1997). "Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda." Journal of Economic Literature 35 (2): 688-726.
30. Levine, Ross. 2005. Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence. In Handbook of Economic Growth, vol. 1A, edited by Philip Aghion and Steven N. Durlauf, chapter 12. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
31. Porteous, David. 2009. Key Issues in Design and Implementation of Surveys on Financial Inclusion. Presented at the Alliance for Financial Inclusion Global Policy Forum. Nairobi, September 15 . (www.afiglobal.net/downloads/GPF_David_Porteous.pdf).
32. Robinson, J.. (1952). The Generalization of the General Theory, The Rate of Interest and Other Essays, 67142, London: Macmillan.
33. Sarma, M., 2008. Index of Financial Inclusion, ICRIER Working paper, August 2008.
34. Sarma, M. & Pais, J. (2008). Financial inclusion and development: A cross country analysis. Annual Conference of the Human Development and Capability Association, New Delhi.
35. Schumpeter, J. A.. (1912). The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge: Harvard University Pres.
36. Seidman, E. and J. Tescher, 2004. From Unbanked to Homeowner: Improving the Supply of Financial Services for Low-Income, Low-Asset Customers. The Centre for Financial Services Initiative.