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YUNAN MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİ AVRUPALILAŞMAYA KARŞI: ETNİK MİLLİYETÇİLİKTEN SİVİL MİLLİYETÇİLİĞE BİR DÖNÜŞÜM MÜ?

Yunanistan’da etnik milliyetçilik, 19. yüzyıldan bu yana hem devletin yürüttüğü politikalarda, hem de toplumsal alanda önemli bir etkiye sahip olmuştur. Yunanistan Kilisesi ve eğitim sistemi etnik milliyetçi anlayışın toplumda ve devlette yerleşmesinde büyük rol oynamıştır. Ortodoksluk, Yunan kimliğinin ayrılmaz bir parçası olarak anayasa tarafından tanınmış ve bu tanımlama Ortodoks olmayan Yunan vatandaşlarını ikincil vatandaş haline getirmiştir. Yunanistan vatandaşlık yasasının 1998’e kadar yürürlükte kalan 19. Maddesi Yunan vatandaşlarını “Yunan ırkından olan” ve “Yunan ırkından olmayan” olmak üzere ikiye ayırmaktaydı. 1990’lardan itibaren bu etnik milliyetçi anlayış Yunanistan’ın Batı Avrupalı ortakları ve Avrupa kurumları tarafından eleştirilmeye başlanmıştır. Aynı dönemde hızlı bir Avrupalılaşma sürecine giren Yunanistan’da azınlık haklarında olumlu gelişmeler yaşanmış ve 19. Madde kaldırılmıştır. Bu çalışmasının amacı, Kohn’un etnik-toplumsal (sivil) milliyetçilik sınıflandırması çerçevesinde Yunan milliyetçiliğinin Avrupalılaşma ile ilişkisini analiz etmektir. Bu çalışma, 1990’ların ikinci yarısından itibaren, Avrupalılaşma çabaları sayesinde, Yunanistan’da etnik milliyetçilikten sivil milliyetçilik anlayışına geçiş olup olmadığı sorusunu cevaplamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

: Etnik Milliyetçilik, Sivil Milliyetçilik, Avrupalılaşma, Azınlık Hakları, 19.Madde

GREEK NATIONALISM VERSUS EUROPEANIZATION: FROM ETHNIC TO CIVIC NATIONALISM?

Since its emergence in the 19th century, ethnic nationalism has had a significant impact on both state policies and the social sphere in Greece. The Greek Church and education system played a significant role in the consolidation of ethnic nationalist understanding in society and the state apparatus. The constitution also recognizes orthodoxy as an integral part of Greek identity, which makes non-Orthodox Greek citizens a secondary citizen. Also, Article 19 of the Greek citizenship law, which was in force until 1998, divided Greek citizens into two categories: “Greeks” and “non-Greeks”. Since the 1990s, this ethnic nationalist approach has been criticized by Greece's Western European partners and European institutions. In the same period, Greece underwent a rapid Europeanization process, and there were positive developments in minority rights such as the abolishment of Article 19. This study aims to analyze the impact of Europeanization in Greece on ethnic nationalism, which is decisive at the state and social levels. In doing so, it is to analyze the relationship between Greek nationalism and Europeanization within the framework of Kohn’s classification of ethnic-social (civic) nationalism. This study aims to answer the question of whether there is a shift from ethnic nationalism to a civic (inclusive) understanding of nationalism in Greece due to the Europeanization efforts since the second half of the 1990s.

Keywords:

Ethnic Nationalism, Civic Nationalism, Europeanization, Minority Rights, Article 19,

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