Osman DOĞAN, Ali SABIR, Kevser YAZAR, Ayşe ÖZER, Zeki KARA

ASMADA POLİPLOİDİ İNDÜKSİYONUNDA AZOT PROTOKSİTİN (N₂O) UYGULANABİLİRLİĞİ

Dünyada 6.969.373 ha alanda üretilen 67.067.129 ton taze üzümün, %6.4’ünü sağlayarak Türkiye, Dünyakuru üzüm üretiminde ikinci ve sofralık üzüm üretiminde beşinci sırayı almaktadır. Ülkesel düzeyde üzümüretimi ve pazar payının sürdürülebilmesi için yeni ve özellikle de iri taneli üzüm çeşitlerine gereksinimduyulmaktadır. Poliploid bitkilerin oluşumu kolhisin, oryzalin, trifluralin, amiprophos–methyl gibidepolimerizasyon ajanı bazı bileşiklerle, hücre bölünmesine müdahale etmek suretiyle teşvikedilebilmektedir. Azot protoksit (N₂O), 1970’lerden itibaren antimitotik ajan olarak poliploid bitkilerüretilmesinde, anormal mayotik hücre bölünmesi yoluyla indirgenmemiş gamet oluşumu çalışmalarındakullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, poliploid asma ıslahında N₂O’nun uygulanabilirliği irdelenmiştir. Ploiditeşviki maksadıyla kullanılan kimyasalların uygulandığı bitki kısımları, uygulama teknikleri, dozları veetkinliği türler ve hatta çeşitler düzeyinde farklılıklar arz etmektedir. N₂O basınca dayanıklı bir kapta farklısürelerde aktif mitoz veya mayoz bölünmedeki dokulara (polen ve/veya yumurta kesesi ana hücresi)uygulanmaktadır ve bu şekilde 2n polen, poliploid fide ve/veya sürgün oluşumu teşvik edilmektedir. Asmaıslahında uygulanmasına yönelik çalışmaya rastlanılmamış olup birçok bitkinin gamet, zigot ve fidelerine,bir poliploidize edici madde olarak N₂O uygulanabilmektedir. Genomik araçların uygulanması ve 2n–gametin teşvikinde rol oynayan genler ve mekanizmaların tanımlanması ve izolasyonu, farklı bitkitürlerinde artan kullanım sağlayarak bitki ıslahında yeni yollar açacaktır.

NITROGEN PROTOXIDE (N₂O) APPLICABILITY IN GRAPEVINE POLYPLOIDY INDUCTION

Turkey, providing 6.4% of 67.067.129 tons of fresh grapes produced in 6.969.373 hectares area surface in the world is taking the second rank in world raisin production and “the fifth in table grape production. New and especially bigger grape varieties are needed to sustain grape production and market share at the global level. The formation of polyploidy plants can be promoted by interfering with cell division with certain compounds of depolymerisation agents such as colchicine, oryzalin, trifluralin, amiprophos–methyl. Nitrogen protoxide (N₂O) has been used for the production of polyploidy plants as an antimitotic agent, since 1970’s and for unreduced gametogenesis studies through abnormal meiotic cell division. In this study, the applicability of N₂O in polyploid grapevine breeding was reviewed. Plant parts applied of the chemicals used for ploidy induction, application techniques, dosages and activity differ in species and even varieties. N₂O is applied to (pollen and/or the main cell of the egg vesicle) tissues during active mitosis or meiosis division at different times in a pressure resistant tank and thus 2n pollen, polyploid seedlings and/or shoot formation is promoted. There was no study on the N₂O application in grape breeding while it is possible to apply N₂O as a polyploidizing agent to gametes, zygotes and seedlings of many plants. The application of genomic devices and identification and isolation of genes and mechanisms involved in the induction of 2n– gamete will enable increased exploitation in different plant species, which will open new ways for plant breeding.

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