Bağcılıkta gen transferi çalışmaları

Genetik mühendisliği sayesinde, bağcılık ve şarapçılık sektöründe de mevcut kabul görmüş çeşitlerin temel karakterlerini değiştirmeden istenilmeyen bir veya birkaç özelliğinin değiştirilmesi mttmkun olmaktadır, İlk olarak V. rupesiris türünde başlayan gen aktarım çalışmaları, günümüzde V. vinifera ve diğer türlerde de haşarılı-bir şekilde yapılmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda asma anaç ve çeşitlerine biyotik (virüs, bakteri ve fungal patojenler) ve abiyotik (su stresi, dona dayanıklılık) stres şartlatma karşı dayanıklılığı artıran genlerin yanısıra, kalite (şeker birikimi ve taşımını, oksidatif karama) ve bazı meyve özelliklerini (renk, çekirdeksizlik) kontrol eden birçok gen aktarılmıştır, Böylece bu çalışmalar sonucunda 42 adet gen aktarılmış (transgenik) asmanın yetiştiriciliğine izin verilmiştir. Moleküler asma ıslahında sağlanan önemli ilerlemelere rağmen, mevcut transformasyon sistemlerinde başarıyı etkileyen bir takım sorunlar mevcuttur. Ancak, moleküler asma ıslahı çalışmaları henüz başlangıç aşamasında değerlendirilmektedir. İlerleyen yıllarda bu sorunların çözülmesi ve yeni genlerin de izole edilmesiyle bu alanda önemli gelişmeler sağlanacağı umulmaktadır. Bu sayede transgenik asmaların dünya bağcılık ve şarapçılık sektöründe önemli yer tutacağı kanaatindeyiz.

Gene transformation studies in vticulture

A few undesired characters existing in grapevine cultivars can be changed without removing their basic characters by use of genetic engineering. The first gene transformation studies were made on V. rupestris. Then, the studies have successfully continued on the V. vinifera and other Vitis species in recently. Several genes controlling the hardiness of biotic (viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens), abiotic (water, cold) stress conditions, quality factors (sugar accumulation, transportation, oxidative browning) and some berry characters (color, seedlessness) have been put into grapevine cultivars and rootstocks at the end of these studies. Thus, 42 transgenic grapevines have been allowed to growing. Although molecular grapevine breeding have been importantly improved, there are still some problems in terms of success on current transformation systems. However, it has been determined that molecular grapevine breeding studies are the first step. It is expected that marked improvements will be achieved in the future for overcoming these problems and isolation of new genes. Thus, transgenic grapevine genotypes will have an important role on global viticulture and wine industry.

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