Uluç KARAKAŞ, Başar BAYSAL, Çağla LÜLECİ SULA

ULUSLARARASI SİYASET SOSYOLOJİSİ VE GÜVENLİK: KÜRESEL TERÖRİZM, SINIR GÜVENLİĞİ VE VATANDAŞLIK ÖRNEKLERİ

Uluslararası İlişkiler literatüründeki geleneksel yaklaşımlara yöneltilen en önemli eleştirilerden birtanesi, bu yaklaşımların dünya siyasetinin sosyal doğasını ihmal ettiği üzerinedir. Uluslararası ilişkilerisosyolojik perspektiften incelemek üzere daha önceden önemli girişimlerde bulunulduysa da Uluslararasıİlişkiler disiplinine sosyoloji ve sosyal kuramı entegre etmenin kazançları üzerinde sistematik bir şekilde duranilk yaklaşım Uluslararası Siyaset Sosyolojisi olmuştur. Bu çalışma, Uluslararası Siyaset Sosyolojisiyaklaşımının disipline katkılarını ve bu yaklaşımın güvenlik literatürü ile olan ilişkisini ortaya koymayıhedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla, öncelikle literatürün kapsamlı ve eleştirel bir taramasını yapıp, dayandığıtemelleri, yöntemsel ve kuramsal iddialarını ve güvenlik ile olan ilişkisini ortaya koymaktadır. İkinci olarak,Uluslararası Siyaset Sosyolojisi’nin küresel terörizm, sınır güvenliği ve vatandaşlık konularına yaptığı ampirikkatkıları incelemektedir. Sonuç bölümünde ise, Uluslararası Siyaset Sosyolojisi’nin sınırlarının olup olmadığıve akademik dünyada nasıl bir yankı uyandırdığı ortaya koyulmaktadır.

International Political Sociology and Security: Global Terrorism, Border Security and Citizenship

One of the critiques of the traditional ways of understanding International Relations (IR) is that they neglect the social nature of international politics. Although there have been earlier attempts to analyze international relations from a sociological perspective, the idea that there is much to be gained by engaging with sociology and social theory is mobilized by International Political Sociology (IPS). The aim of this study is to present a comprehensive account on the theoretical and empirical commitments of international political sociology, and its contributions to security studies. It provides a critical review of the existing literature by first introducing its roots, main methodological and theoretical commitments, and its relationship with security. In the second part, the article presents IPS’s empirical approach towards three main issue areas: global terrorism, border security, and citizenship. Finally the conclusion part analyzes the limits of the approach and its contributions to the literature.

PDF

___

Abrahamsen, Rita ve Michael C. Williams (2009), “Security Beyond the State: Global Security Assemblages in International Politics”, International Political Sociology, 3 (1): 1-17.
Ackleson, Jason (2003), “Securing Through Technology? Smart Borders after September 11th. ”, Knowledge, Technology, & Policy, 16 (1): 56-74.
Albert, Mathias ve Barry Buzan (2013), “International Relations Theory and the ‘Social Whole’: Encounters and Gaps Between IR and Sociology”, International Political Sociology, 7(2): 117-135.
Albert, Mathias ve Yosef Lapid (2017), “IBO, IPS and SIP: Engaging the Sociologies of International Relations”, Basaran, Tugba, Didier Bigo, Emmaneul-Pierre Guittet ve R. B. J. Walker (Der.), International Political Sociology: Transversal Lines (Londra ve New York: Routledge): 68-80.
Albert, Mathias, David Jacobsen ve Yosef Lapid (Der.) (2001), Identities, Borders, Orders: Rethinking International Relations Theory (Minneapolis ve Londra: University of Minnesota Press).
Amoore, Louise (2006), “Biometric Borders: Governing Mobilities in the War on Terror”, Political Geography, 25 (3): 336-351.
Andrijasevic, Rutvica ve William Walters (2010), “The International Organization for Migration and the International Government of Borders”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 28 (6): 977-999.
Aradau, Claudia, Jef Huysmans, Andrew Neal ve Nadine Voelker (2015), “Introducing Critical Security Methods”, Aradau, Claudia, Jef Huysmans, Andrew Neal ve Nadine Voelkner (Der.), Critical Security Methods: New Framework for Analysis (New York: Routledge): 1- 23.
Aradau, Claudia ve Jef Huysmans (2013), “Critical methods in International Relations: The politics of techniques, devices and acts”, European Journal of International Relations, 20 (3): 1-24.
Ashley, Richard ve R. B. J. Walker (1990), “Conclusion: Reading Dissidence/Writing the Discipline: Crisis and the Question of Sovereignty in International Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, 34 (3): 367-416.
Ashley, Richard (1984), “The Poverty of Neorealism”, International Organization, 38 (2): 225-286.
Balzacq, Thierry (2005), “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context”, European Journal of International Relations, 11 (2): 171–201.
Balzacq, Thierry et al. (2010), “Security Practices”, Denemark, Robert A. (Der.), The International Studies Encyclopedia Online (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing): 1-30.
Basaran, Tuğba, Didier Bigo, Emmanuel-Pierre Guittet ve R.B.J Walker (Der.), International Political Sociology: Transversal Lines (Londra ve New York: Routledge).
Basaran, Tuğba, Didier Bigo, Emmanuel-Pierre Guittet ve R. B. J. Walker (2017), “Transversal Lines: An Introduction”, Basaran, Tuğba, Didier Bigo, Emmanuel-Pierrre Guittet ve R. B. J. Walker (Der.), International Political Sociology: Transversal Lines (Londra ve New York: Routledge): 1-9.
Baysal, Başar ve Çağla Lüleci (2015), “Kopenhag Okulu ve Güvenlikleştirme Teorisi”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 11 (22): 61-95.
Berling, Trine Villumsen (2015), The International Political Sociology of Security: Rethinking Theory and Practice (New York: Routledge).
Bhandar, Davina (2009), “Renormalizing Citizenship and Life in Fortress North America”, Nyers, Peter (Der.), Securitizations of Citizenship (Oxon: Routledge): 59-76.
Bigo, Didier ve Anastassia Tsoukala (2008), “Understanding (In)security”, Bigo, Didier ve Anastassia Tsoukala (Der.), Terror Insecurity and Liberty (Abingdon: Routledge): 1-9.
Bigo, Didier ve Mikael R. Madsen (2011), “Introduction to Symposium: A Different Reading of the International: Pierre Bourdieu and International Studies”, International Political Sociology, 5 (3): 219-224.
Bigo, Didier ve R. B. J. Walker (2007), “International, Political, Sociology”, International Political Sociology, 1 (1): 1-5.
Bigo, Didier ve R. B. J. Walker (2007), “Political Sociology and the Problem of the International”, Millennium- Journal of International Studies, 35(3): 725-739.
Bigo, Didier (2001), “Internal and External Security(ies): The Möbius Ribbon”, Albert, Mathias, Yosef Lapid ve David Jacobson (Der.), Identities, Borders, Orders (University of Minnesota Press): 91-116.
Bigo, Didier (2008), “International Political Sociology”, Williams, Paul D. (Der.), Security Studies: An Introduction (Londra: Routledge): 120-134.
Bigo, Didier (2002), “Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 27 (1): 63-92.
Bilgin, Pınar ve Başak İnce (2014), “Security and Citizenship in the Global South: In/securing Citizens in Early Republican Turkey (1923-1946)”, International Relations, 29 (4): 1-21.
Bonelli, Laurent (2008), “‘Hidden in Plain Sight’: Intelligence, Exception and Suspicion after 11 September 2001”, Bigo, Didier ve Anastassia Tsoukala (Der.), Terror Insecurity and Liberty (Abingdon: Routledge): 100-120.
Booth, Ken (2007), Theory of World Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Bourdieu, Pierre ve Loic J. D. Wacquant (1992), An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Cambridge: Polity).
Bourdieu, Pierre (1992), Language and Symbolic Power (Cambridge: Polity) (Çev. Gino Raymond ve Matthew Adamson).
Bourdieu, Pierre (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) (Çev. Richard Nice).
Brincat, Shannon, Laura Lima ve Joao Nunes (Der.) (2012), Critical Theory in International Relations and Security Studies: Interviews and Reflections (Londra ve New York: Routledge).
Bueger, Christian (2017), “Practice”, Guillaume, Xavier ve Pınar Bilgin (Der.), Routledge Handbook of International Political Sociology (Londra ve New York: Routledge): 328-337.
Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver ve Jaap De Wilde (1998), Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Pub).
Buzan, Barry, ve Lene Hansen (2007), International Security (4 Volume set) (London: Sage Publications).
C.A.S.E. Collective (2006), “Critical Approaches to Security in Europe, A Networked Manifesto”, Security Dialogue, 37 (4): 443-487.
Castles, Stephen (2004), “Why Migration Policies Fail”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27 (2): 205-227.
Côté-Boucher, Karine, Federica Infantino ve Mark B. Salter (2014), “Border Security as Practice: An Agenda for Research”, Security Dialogue, 45 (3): 195–208.
Dezalay, Yves ve Bryant G. Garth (2017), “Reflexive Sociology and International Political Economy”, Guillaume, Xavier ve Pınar Bilgin (Der.), Routledge Handbook of International Political Sociology (Londra ve New York: Routledge): 223-232.
Doty, Roxanne Lynn (2007), “States of Exception on the Mexico-U.S. Border: Security, “Decisions,” and Civilian Border Patrols”, International Political Sociology, 1 (2): 113-137.
Fierke, Karin M. (2013), “Constructivism”, Dunne, Tim, Milja Kurki ve Steve Smith (Der.), International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 187-222.
Foucault, Michel (1995), Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books) (Çev. Alan Sheridan).
Foucault, Michel (2007), Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de France 1977- 1978 (New York: Picador).
Foucault, Michel (1998), The Will to Knowledge: The History of Sexuality Volume I (Londra: Penguin Books) (Çev. Robert Hurley).
Foucault, Michel (2003), “Society Must be Defended”: Lectures at the College de France 1975-76 (New York: Picador) (Çev. David Macey).
George, Jim (1994), Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers).
Guild, Elsbeth (2009), Security and Migration in the 21st Century (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Guillaume, Xavier ve Pınar Bilgin (2017), “Introduction”, Guillaume, Xavier ve Pınar Bilgin (Der.), Routledge Handbook of International Political Sociology (Londra ve New York: Routledge): 1-14.
Guittet, Emmanuel-Pierre (2008), “Military Activities Within National Boundaries”, Bigo, Didier ve Anastassia Tsoukala (Der.), Terror Insecurity and Liberty (Abingdon: Routledge): 121-145.
“Half the French Army Is Now Deployed On French Streets”, Breitbart, April 19, 2016, http://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/04/18/half-french-army-deployed-streets/ (Son Erişim: 05.11.2017).
Halliday, Fred (1994), Rethinking International Relations (Basingstoke: Macmillan).
Hay, Colin (2002), Political Analysis: A Critical Introduction (Basingstoke: Palgrave).
Hindess, Barry (2009), “Citizenship for All”, Nyers, Peter (Der.), Securitizations of Citizenship (Oxon: Routledge): 189-200.
Hobden, Stephen (2002), “Historical Sociology: Back to the Future of International Relations?”, Hobden, Stephen ve John M. Hobson (Der), Historical Sociology of International Relation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 42-62.
Hobson, John M. (2002), “What’s at Stake in ‘Bringing Historical Sociology Back into International Relations’? Transcending Chronofethishism and Tempocentricism in International Relations”, Hobden, Stephen ve John M. Hobson (Der), Historical Sociology of International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 3-42.
Huysmans, Jef ve Joao Pontes Nogueira (2012), “International Political Sociology: Opening Spaces, Stretching Lines”, International Political Sociology, 6 (1): 1-3.
Huysmans, Jef ve Joao Pontes Nogueira (2016), “Ten Years of IPS: Fracturing IR”, International Political Sociology, 10 (1): 299-319.
Huysmans, Jef ve Xavier Guillaume (2013), “Citizenship and Securitizing: Interstitial Politics”, Guillaume, Xavier ve Jef Huysmans (Der.), Citizenship and Security: The Constitution of Political Being (Oxon: Routledge): 18-34.
Isin, Engin (2013), “Two Regimes of Rights?”, Guillaume, Xavier ve Jef Huysmans (Der.), Citizenship and Security: The Constitution of Political Being (Oxon: Routledge): 53-74.
Joseph, Jonathan (2007), “Philosophy in International Relations: A Scientific Realist Approach”, Millennium – Journal of International Studies, 35 (2): 345-360.
Kessler, Oliver (2009), “Toward a Sociology of the International? International Relations between Anarchy and World Society”, International Political Sociology, 3 (1): 87-108.
Krause, Keith ve Michael Williams (1996), “Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods”, Mershon International Studies Review, 40 (2): 229-254.
Kurki, Milja (2008), Causation in International Relations: Reclaiming Causal Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Lacher, Hannes (2002), “Making Sense of the International System: Promises and Pitfalls of Contemporary Marxist Theories of International Relations”, Rupert, Mark ve Hazel Smith (Der.), Historical Materialism and Globalization: Essays on Continuity and Change (Londra: Routledge): 147-164.
Latham, Robert (2014), “The Governance of Visibility: Bodies, Information, and the Politics of Anonymity across the US-Mexico Borderlands”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 39 (1): 17-36.
Linklater, Andrew (2005), “Marxism”, Burchill, Scott, Andrew Linklater ve Richard Devetak vd. (Der.), Theories of International Relations (Londra: Palgrave): 110-135.
Linklater, Andrew (1990), Men and Citizens in the Theory of International Relations, 2. Baskı, (Hampshire ve Londra: Macmillan).
Linklater, Andrew (1998), The Transformation of Political Community (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Lüleci Çağla ve İsmail Erkam Sula. (2016) “Survival ‘Beyond Positivism?’ The Debate on Rationalism and Reflectivism in International Relations Theory”, POLITIKON: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science, 30: 43-55.
McDonald, Matt (2008), “Securitization and the Construction of Security”, European Journal of International Relations, 14 (4): 563-587.
Muller, Benjamin J. (2009), “(Dis)qualified Bodies”, Nyers, Peter (Der.), Securitizations of Citizenship (Oxon: Routledge): 77-93.
Muller, Benjamin J. (2010), “Unsafe at Any Speed? Borders, Mobility and ‘Safe Citizenship’”, Citizenship Studies, 14 (1): 75-88.
Mutlu, Can E. ve Cagla Luleci (2017), “International Political Sociology of Security Studies”, Guillaume, Xavier ve Pınar Bilgin (Der.), Routledge Handbook of International Political Sociology (Londra ve New York: Routledge): 81-91.
Nyers, Peter (2009), “Introduction: Securitizations of Citizenship”, Nyers, Peter (Der.), Securitizations of Citizenship (Oxon: Routledge): 1-14.
Nyers, Peter (2013), “Liberating Irregularity: No Borders, Temporality, Citizenship”, Guillaume, Xavier ve Jef Huysmans (Der.), Citizenship and Security: The Constitution of Political Being (Oxon: Routledge): 37-52.
Olsson, Christian (2008), “Military Interventions and the Concept of the Political: Bringing the Political Back into the Interactions between External Forces and Local Societies”, Bigo, Didier ve Anastassia Tsoukala (Der.), Terror Insecurity and Liberty (Abingdon: Routledge): 146-177.
Peoples, Columba ve Nick Vaughan-Williams (2010), Critical Security Studies: An Introduction (Abingdon: Routledge).
Pouliot, Vincent (2008), “The Logic of Practicality: A Theory of Practice of Security Communities”, International Organization, 62 (2): 257–88.
Rothe, Delf (2016), Securitizing Global Warming: A Climate of Complexity (Abingdon: Routledge).
Salter, Mark B. ve Can E. Mutlu (2013), “Introduction”, Salter, Mark ve Can E. Mutlu (Der.), Research Methods in Critical Security Studies (New York: Routledge): 1-15.
Salter, Mark B. (2007), “Governmentalities of an Airport: Heterotopia and Confession”, International Political Sociology, 1(1): 49–66.
Salter, Mark B. (2006), “The Global Visa Regime and the Political Technologies of the International Self: Borders, Bodies, Biopolitics”, Alternatives, 31: 167-189.
“Son Dakika: Taksim Patlaması!”, Hürriyet, 19 Mart 2016, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/istanbul-taksimistiklal-caddesinde-patlama-40072146 (Son Erişim: 05.05.2017).
“Sultanahmet'te Patlama Meydana Geldi”, Milliyet, 12 Ocak 2016, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/ sultanahmet-te-patlama-meydana-gundem-2177609/ (Son Erişim: 05.05.2017).
“Soldiers patrol streets of Antwerp and Brussels”, Flanders Today, January 19, 2015, http://www.flanderstoday.eu/current-affairs/soldiers-patrol-streets-antwerp-and-brussels (Son Erişim: 05.11.2017).
“Thousands of Troops on Paris Streets But are They France's new Maginot Line?” The Guardian, April 15, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/15/paris-attacks-operationsentinelle-soldiers-patrolling-streets-france-safer (Son Erişim: 05.11.2017).
Van Der Ree, Gerard (2014), “Saving the Discipline: Plurality, Social Capital, and the Sociology of IR Theorizing”, International Political Sociology, 8 (2): 218-233.
Wæver, Ole ve Arlene B. Tickner (2009), “Introduction: Geocultural Epistemologies”, Tickner, Arlene B. ve Ole Wæver (Der.), International Relations Scholarship Around the World (Londra ve New York: Routledge): 1-31.
Wæver, Ole (2015), “The Theory Act: Responsibility and Exactitude as Seen from Securitization”, International Relations, 9 (1): 121–127.
Walker, R. B. J. (1993), Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Walker, R. B. J. (2017), “Only Connect: International, Political, Sociology”, Basaran, Tuğba, Didier Bigo, Emmanuel-Pierrre Guittet ve R. B. J. Walker (Der.), International Political Sociology: Transversal Lines (Londra ve New York: Routledge): 13-23.
Walters, William (2010), “Migration and Security”, Burgess, J. P. (Der.), The Handbook of New Security Studies (Londra: Routledge): 217-228.
Waltz, Kenneth N. (1979), Theory of International Politics (Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company).
Weber, Cynthia (1995), Simulating Sovereignty: Intervention, the State and Symbolic Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Wendt, Alexander (1999), Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Wendt. Alexander (1987), “The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory”, International Organization, 41 (3): 335-370.
Wight, Colin (2006), Agents, Structure, and International Relations: Politics as Ontology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Wight, Colin (2002), “Philosophy of Social Science and International Relations”, Carlsnaes, Walter, Thomas Risse, ve Beth A. Simmons (Der.), Handbook of International Relations (Londra: SAGE Publications): 23-51.
Xavier, Guillaume ve Pinar Bilgin (Der.), Routledge Handbook of International Political Sociology (Londra ve New York: Routledge).
Yalvaç, Faruk (2010), “Uluslararası İlişkiler Kuramında Post-Pozitivism Sonrası Aşama”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 6 (24): 3-32.
Zalewski, Marysia (1996), “‘All These Theories Yet the Bodies Keep Piling Up’: Theories, Theorists, Theorising”, Smith, Steve, Ken Booth ve Marysia Zalewski (Der.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 340-353.
“4,000 Troops to Patrol Britain’s Streets as Police Hunt Bombing Network”, The Globe and Mail, 24 Mayıs 2017, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/britain-to-deploy-nearly-4000-troops-tocity-streets-in-wake-of-manchester-attack/article35103413/ (Son Erişim: 05.11.2017).