Elif AKBOSTANCI, İpek TUNÇ, Serap AŞIK TÜRÜT

İmalat Sanayi ve Kirlilik: Bir Kirli Endüsrti Sığınağı Olarak Türkiye

Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin sanayileşme sürecinde yüksek oranda kirlilik yaratan ve geleneksel olarak karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe sahip olmadıkları endüstriyel faaliyetlere yöneldikleri görülmektedir. Gelişmiş ülke tüketicilerinin temiz çevre taleplerinin artmasının ve çevreyle ilgili yasal düzenlemelerin 'kirli endüstri'lerin maliyetlerini artırmaya başlamasının yanında gelişmekte olan ülkelerin tüketicilerinin çevre duyarlılıklarının az olması ve bu ülkelerin çevre ile ilgili yasal düzenlemelerinin yetersiz olması nedeniyle günümüzde 'kirli endüstri'lerin gelişmiş ülkelerden gelişmekte olan ülkelere doğru göç ettikleri iddia edilmektedir. Bu hipoteze literatürde "kirli endüstri sığınağı hipotezi" adı verilmektedir. "çalışmada öncelikli olarak Türkiye imalat sanayiindeki kirli endüstrilerin saptanması hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla ilk olarak imalat sanayimin var olan kirlilik verileri kullanılarak bir seri kirlilik indeksi geliştirilmekte ve Türkiye imalat sanayiinin bu ölçütler çerçevesinde değerlendirmesi yapılarak kirli ve temiz endüstriler saptanmaktadır. Daha sonra kirli endüstrilerin toplam üretim, istihdam ve ticaret içerisindeki paylan, bu değişkenlerin tarihsel gelişimleri de göz önüne alınarak incelenmekte ve elde edilen bulguların yardımıyla Türkiye'nin bir kirli endüstri sığınağı olup olmadığı tartışılmaktadır.

Manufacturing Industry and Pollution: Is Turkey a Pollution Haven?

It has been observed that during their industrialization course developing countries are inclined towards industrial activities that are pollution intensive in which they do not traditionally have comparative advantage. It has been argued that increasing production costs of dirty industries in developed countries due to increased demand for clean environment from consumers and increased environmental regulations on the one hand and lax environmental regulations and environmentally less concerned consumers in the developing countries on the other hand cause dirty industries to migrate from developed to developing countries. This is called the "pollution haven hypothesis" in the literature. This study primarily aims at determining the dirty industries of Turkish manufacturing industry. For this purpose first by using the available waste statistics of the manufacturing industry a series of pollution indexes are developed and dirty and clean industries of Turkish manufacturing sector are established. Later the shares of dirty industries in total production, employment and trade are analyzed and historical developments of these variables are examined. Finally within the light of these studies the case of Turkey as a pollution haven is discussed.

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