Sonay BAYRAMOĞLU ÖZUĞURLU, Turgay GÜLPINAR

Geçiş Sürecinde Bulgaristan'da Kamu Yönetimi

Makale, bir geçiş ülkesi olarak Bulgaristan’da sosyalizm sonrası dönemde, devletin yeniden inşa sürecini ve idari yapının gelişimini, siyasal ve anayasal yönleri ile birlikte incelemektedir. Bulgaristan, barış içerisinde ve iç savaş olmaksızın yaşanan bir rejim değişikliğinin siyasi ve idari neden ve sonuçlarının incelenmesi bakımından uygun bir örnek olaydır. Çoğulcu bir anlayışla ve barışçıl bir biçimde Bulgaristan’da kurulan anayasal düzen, toplumun beklediği daha iyi yaşam ve özgürlük ortamını tesis etmek için yeterli olmamıştır. Makale bunun nedenlerini, anayasa gibi birinci el ve ikinci el metinler üzerinden incelemektedir. Makalede, Bulgaristan’da demokratik ve liberal bir sistemin kurulamamasının geçiş sürecinde idari sistemin dikkate alınmaması ve birbirinden farklı kamu yönetimi anlayışlarının aynı anda uygulanmaya çalışılmasıylailgili olduğu sonucuna ulaşmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Bulgaristan, Kamu yönetimi, Geçiş ülkeleri, Avrupa Birliği

Public Administration of Bulgaria in Transition

This article aims to examine the development of the administrative structure in relation with the political and the constitutional dimension throughout the process of the state rebuilding in the case of Bulgaria, where political regime has been transformed from socialist to the capitalist. Bulgaria is an appropriate case study in terms of examining the political and administrative effects and causes of the regime change without a civil war. In Bulgaria, a pluralistic and peaceful constitutional order has not been sufficient to establish a better life and sphere of freedom that Bulgarian society expects. By the systematic investigation of the first and the second-hand literatures, this article argues that the inability to establish a democratic and liberal system in Bulgaria is related to the fact that the administrative structure is not taken into consideration during the transition process and the different and contrasted public administration approaches are applied simultaneously.

Keywords:

Bulgaria Public administration, Post-socialist countries, Eastern Europe, Transition,

PDF

___

Baeva, Iskra (2012), “The day before the crash -Bulgarian -Soviet relations in the nineteen eighties”, Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, (47): 5-20.
BG, Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria, http://www.gov.bg/ (Son Erişim, 22.07.2019)
Bulgaristan Anayasası, Constitution of The Republic of Bulgaria, https://www.parliament.bg/en/const/ (Son erişim, 22.07.2019).
CEMR (2019), The Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR), http://www.ccre.org/ pays/view/12. (Son Erişim, 22.07.2019).
Cerami, Alfio ve Simona Stanescu (2009), “The Transformation in Bulgaria and Romania”, Cerami, Alfio ve Pieter Vanhusse (ed.) Post-Communist Welfare Pathways, (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan), 122-126.
Chary, Frederick B. (2011), The History of Bulgaria, (Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press).
Crampton, R. J. (2005), A Concise History of Bulgaria, (New York: Cambridge University Press).
Dimitrov, Vesselin (2001), Bulgaria: The Uneven Transition, (London &New York: Routledge).
Elgie, R. (2010), “Semi-presidentalism, Cohabitation and the Collapse of Electoral Democracies, 1990-2008”, Government and Oppositon, 45 (01): 29-49.
Ellison, Brian A. (2007), “Public Administration Reform in Eastern Europe: A Research Note and a Look at Bulgaria”, Administration & Society, 39 (2): 221-232.
Ganev, Venelin I. (2007), Praying on the State, (New York: Cornell University).
Genov, Nikola, (2003), Understanding Politics in Bulgaria, DEMSTAR Research Report No.15, May.
Hein, Michael, (2016), “Bulgaria”, Anna Fruhstorfer ve Michael Hein (ed.), Constitutional Politics in Central and Eastern Europe From Post-Socialist Transition to the Reform of Political Systems, (Wiesbaden: Springer), 145-172.
Katsamunska, Polya (2010), “Good Governance and Reform of Public Administration in Bulgaria” Economic Alternatives, 1: 51-60.
Marcheva, Deyana (2013), “Administrative Culture in Bulgaria: Sources, Foundations, and Transitions”, International Journal of Public Administration, 36: 963–971.
Mihova, Meglena (2014), “The State of Public Affairs in Bulgaria”, Journal of Public Affairs, 14(1): 76– 83.
Nikolov, Boyko, Nikolay Markov, Nasko Dochev, Dimitar Dimitrov, Rumyana Kolarova ve Rumen Dobrinsky (2004), Understanding Reform: A Country Study for Bulgaria, No 56, WIIW Balkan Observatory Working Papers, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, WIIW, https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:wii:bpaper:056 (Son erişim: 22.07.2019).
NiT (2018), Nations in Transit 2018, https://freedomhouse.org/report/nit-2018-table-country-scores (Son erişim: 22.07.2019).
NSI (2017), Bulgaristan Ulusal İstatistik Enstitüsü, http://www.nsi.bg/en/content/12993/basicpage/ Nclassification-territorial-units-statistics-bulgaria-nuts (Son erişim: 30.11.2017).
Phare Report (1997), The Phare Programme Annual Report 1997, Comission of The European Communities (1999) 18.05.1999, http://aei.pitt.edu/5963/1/5963.pdf (son erişim: 22.07.2019).
Popivanov, Boris (2015), Changing Images of the Left in Bulgaria, (Stuttgart: İbidem Press).
SGI, Bulgaria Report, Sustainable Governancef Indicators 2017, http://www.sginetwork.org/docs/ 2017/country/SGI2017_Bulgaria.pdf (Son erişim: 30.4.2019).
Shiergueva, Margarita (2009), “Reforms of Bulgarian Public Administration, South-Eastern Eurpoean Developments on the Administrative Convergence and Enlargement of the European Administrative Space in Balkan States”, [http://balcannet.eu/materiale/NBU,%20 Reforms%20in%20Bulgarian%20public%20administration,Report.pdf, (Son erişim: 21.04.2019).
Shivergueva, Margarita (2013), “Public Administration in Bulgaria”, Liebert, Saltanat ve diğ. (ed), Public Administration in Post-Communist Countries: Former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe, and Mongolia, (Boca Raton: CRC Press), 251- 276.
Smilov, Daniel (2013), “Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions”, Dennis J. Galligan, Mila Versteeg (ed.), Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions, (New York: Cambridge University Press), 611-636.
Sotiropoulos, Dimitri A., Ileana Neamtu and Maya Stoyanova (2003), “The Trajectory of Postcommunist Welfare State Development: The Cases of Bulgaria and Romania”, Social Policy and Administration, 37 6): 656-675.
Stoilov, Georgi (2003), The Transformation Process in Bulgaria, http://geb.unigiessen. de/geb/volltexte/2004/1442/ (Son erişim. 21.04.2019)
Stoilova, Desislava (2008), “Local Government Reforms in Bulgaria: Recent Developments and Key Challanges”, 16th NISPAcee Annuel Conference Public Policy and Administration: Challenges and Synergies, Mayıs 2008, Bratislava, Slovakya.
Tomova, Tatyana ve Simeon Petrov (2017), “Public Administration Reform in Bulgaria: Weberian Bureaucracy, New Public Management, and Good Governance at the Same Time”, Bileisis, Mantas ve Polonca Kovac (Der.), Public Administration Reforms in Eastern European Union Member States: Post-Accession Convergene and Divergence, (Vilnius: Mykolas Romeris University), 427-469.
UNHCR (1994), UN High Commissioner for Refugees CDR Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Bulgaria, 1 November 1994, https://www.refworld.org/docid/ 3ae6a6404.html (Son erişim: 14.04.2017).
Yücel, Bülent (2011), “Komünizm Sonrası ve Doğu Avrupa Ülkelerinde Anayasacılık Hareketleri, AUHFD, 60(3): 635-690.
Zankina, Emilia (2013), “The Growing attractiveness of the Bulgarian Civil Service: Fact or Myth?” http://www.nispa.org/files/conferences/2013/papers/201305070654030.Paper_Zankina.p df.
Zankina, Emilia (2017), “Backdoor Politics: Politicisation Through Restructuring In The Bulgarian Civil Service”, East European Politics, 33:2, s. 291-308.
Zankina, Emilia (2018), Public Administration Characteristics and Performance in EU28, European Commission, Brüksel, ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=19940&langId=en (Son erişim, 22.07.2019).