Ayça ADALI, Anıl YİRÜN, Belma KOÇER-GÜMÜŞEL, Pınar ERKEKOĞLU

ALZHEİMER HASTALIĞININ GELİŞİMİNDE BİYOLOJİK AJANLARIN OLASI ETKİLERİ

Amaç: Bu derleme kapsamında, Alzheimer hastalığının genel özelliklerinden bahsedilecek; bu hastalığın patofizyolojisinde rol oynayabileceği bildirilen biyolojik ajanlardan ve bu konuda yapılmış çalışmalardan söz edilecektir.Sonuç ve Tartışma: Dünya çapında artan nüfusa bağlı olarak yaşlı nüfusun artması Alzheimer hastalığının görülme sıklığının artmasına yol açmıştır. Son yıllarda, farklı demans türleri ve özellikle de Alzheimer hastalığı konusundaki bilimsel araştırmalar hızlanmıştır. Hastalığın multi-genetik nedenlerle ortaya çıkabileceği bilinmektedir. Ancak, birçok biyolojik ajana maruziyetin de Alzheimer hastalığının patofizyolojisinde rol oynayabileceği belirtilmektedir. Literatürde Herpes simplex virüs tip-1 (HSV-1), insan immünoyetmezlik virüsü 1 (HIV-1) ve Helicobacter pylori gibi enfeksiyon etkenlerinin ve vücutta endojen olarak bulunan prion proteinlerinin bu hastalığının gelişimine yol açabileceği belirtilmektedir. Diğer taraftan, diyabet gibi hastalıkların da Alzheimer hastalığının gelişimini hızlandırabileceğine dair araştırmalar bulunmaktadır.

THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Objective: In this review, we will mainly focus on the the general properties of Alzheimer’s disease and will also mention the biological agents that are suggested to play roles in the pathophysiology of Alzeheimer’s disease and the studies performed on these agents. Result and Discussion: The increase in elderly population due to the increasing population worldwide has led to an increase in the prevalance of Alzheimer’s disease. In the last years, scientific studies on different types of dementia and particularly on Alzheimer’s disease have accelerated. It is known that this disease has multi-genetic grounds. However, exposure to several biological agents are also suggested to play roles in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. There are studies in literature suggesting that infections like Herpes simplex virus tip-1 (HSV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Helicobacter pylori and endogenous prion poteins can contribute to the development of this disease. On the other hand, there are studies suggesting that diseases like diabetes can expedite the development of Alzheimer’ss disease.

Keywords:

Alzheimer's disease, Helicobacter pylori, Herpes simplex virus type 1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1),

PDF

___

1. Wang, J., Gu, BJ., Masters, CL., Wang, YJ. (2017) A systemic view of Alzheimer disease-insights from amyloid-β metabolism beyond the brain. Nature Reviews Neurology, 13, 612-623.
2. Soygür, H. (2000) Bakımevlerinde yaşlı bakımı ve psikolojik değerlendirme. Demans Dizisi, 2, 32-40.
3. Canbolat, E., Yardımcı, H. (2016) Alzheimer Hastalığı ve Koruyucu Besin Öğeleri. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 139-145.
4. Niu, H., Alvarez-Alvarez, I., Guillen-Grima, F., Aguinaga-Ontoso, I. (2017) Prevalence and Incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease in Europe: A Meta-Analysis. Neurologia, 32(8), 523-532.
5. Özkay, ÜD., Öztürk, Y., Can, ÖD. (2011) Yaşlanan dünyanın hastalığı: Alzheimer hastalığı. S.D.Ü. Tıp Fak. Derg, 18(1), 35-42.
6. Zacks, RT., Blanchad-Fields, F., Haley, WE. (2006) Psychology and Aging: The First 20 Years. Psychol Aging, 21(1), 1-6.
7. Selekler, K. (2010) Alois Alzheimer and Alzheimer’s Disease. Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 13(3), 9-14.
8. Hebert, LE., Weuve, J., Scherr, PA., Evans, DA. (2013) Alzheimer disease in the United States (2010-2050) estimated using the 2010 Census. Neurology, 80, 1778-1783.
9. Little, CS., Hammond, CJ., MacIntyre, A., Balin, BJ., Appelt, DM. (2004) Chlamydia pneumoniae induces Alzheimer-like amyloid plaques in brains of BALB/c mice. Neurobiol Aging, 25(4), 419–429.
10. Aşiret, GD., Kapucu, S. (2015) Alzheimer Hastalarının Bilişsel ve Davranışsal Sorunları zerine Etkili Bir Yöntem: Anımsama Terapisi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 60-68.
11. Soner, S. (2017) Alzheimer hastalık sürecinde bakım veren aile üyelerinin yaşadıkları güçlükler ve sosyal hizmet. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(2), 375-387.
12. Ateş, MP., Karaman, Y., Güntekin, S., Ergun, MA. (2016) Analysis of Genetics and Risk Factors of Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuroscience, 325, 124-131.
13. Şahin, HA. (2009) Alzheimer hastalığını klinik belirtileri ve seyri. Türkiye Klinikleri, 2(1), 31-35.
14. Chen, Y., Sillaire, AR., Dallongeville, J., Skrobala, E., Wallon, D., Dubois, B. Hannequin, D., Pasquier, F. (2017) Low Prevalence and Clinical Effect of Vascular Risk Factors in Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Alzhemier’s Disease, 60, 1045-1054.
15. Kamathe, RS., Joshi, KR. (2018) A Novel Method Based on Independent Component Analysis for Brain MR Image Tissue Classification into CSF, WM and GM for Atrophy Detection in Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedical Signal Processinh and Control, 40, 41-48.
16. Özpak, L., Pazarbaşı, A., Keser, N. (2017) Alzheimer Hastalığının Genetiği ve Epigenetiği. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 26(1), 34-49.
17. Saka, E. (2010) Alzheimer hastalığı patofizyolojisi: Deneysel ve Genetik Bulgular. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GERIATRICS, 3, 21-26.
18. Bar-Or, D., Bar-Or, R., Rael, LT., Brody, EN. (2015) Oxidative stress in severe acute illness. Redox Biology, 4, 340-345.
19. Bateman, RJ., Xiong, C., Benzinger, TL., Fagan, AM., Goate, A., Fox, NC., Marcus, DS., Cairns, NJ., Xie, X., Blazey, TM., Holtzman, DM., Santacruz, A. (2012) Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med, 367, 795-804.
20. Topçuoğlu, ES., Selekler, K. (1998) Alzheimer Hastalığı. Geriatri, 1(2), 63-67.
21. Agostini, S., Clerici, M., Mancuso, R. (2014) How plausible is a link between HSV-1 infection and Alzheimer’s disease? Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 12(3), 275-278.22. Mawanda, F., Wallace, R. (2013) Can Infections Cause Alzheimer’s Disease?. Epidemiologic Reviews, 35, 161-180.
23. Harris, SA., Harris, EA. (2015) Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Other Pathogens are Key Causative Factors in Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 48, 319-353.
24. Dedicoat, M., Muir, D. (1998) Viral meningitis–or encephalitis? Practitioner, 242(1587), 489-492.
25. Wozniak, MA., Itzhaki, RF., Shipley, SJ., Dobson, CB. (2007) Herpes simplex virus infection causes cellular beta-amyloid accumulation and secretase upregulation. Neurosci Lett, 429(2-3), 95-100.
26. Lin, WR., Shang, D., Itzhaki, RF. (1996) Neurotropic viruses and Alzheimer disease. Interaction of herpes simplex type 1 virus and apolipoprotein E in the etiology of the disease. Mol Chem Neuropathol, 28(1–3), 135–141.
27. De Chiara, G., Marcocci, ME., Civitelli, L., Argnani, R., Piacentini, R., Ripoli, C., Manservigi, R., Grassi, C., Garaci, E., Palamara, AT. (2010) APP Processing Induced by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Yields Several APP Fragments in Human and Rat Neuronal Cells. Plos One, 5(11), 1-14.
28. Piacentini, R., Civitelli, L., Ripoli, C., Marcocci, ME., De Chiara, G., Garaci, E., Azzena, GB., Palamara AT., Grassi, C. (2011) HSV-1 promotes Ca2+-mediated APP phosphorylation and Aβ accumulation in rat cortical neurons. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 13-26.
29. Burgos, JS., Ramirez, C., Sastre, I., Valdivieso, F. (2007) Apolipoprotein E genotype influences vertical transmission of herpes simplex virus type 1 in a gender specific manner. Aging Cell, 6(6), 841-842.
30. Sokolov, AA., Reincke, M. (2012) Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Affecting the Entire Limbic System. Mayo Clin Proc, 87(9):69.
31. Ball, MJ. (1982) Limbic predilection in Alzheimer dementia: is reactivated herpes virus involved? Can J Neurol Sci, 9:303-306.
32. Reyes, PF., Deems, DA., Suarez, MG. (1993) Olfactory-related changes in Alzheimer’s disease: a quantitative neurpathologic study. Brain Res Bull, 32, 1-5.
33. Kovacs, I., Torok, I., Zombori, J. (1996) Neuropathologic changes in the olfactory bulb in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology, 4, 123-126.
34. Fraser, NW., Lawrence, WC., Wroblewska, Z., Gilden, DH., Koprowski, H. (1981) Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA in human brain tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 78, 6461-6465.
35. Middleton, PJ., Petric, M., Kozak, M. (1980) Herpes simplex viral genome and senile and presenile dementias of Alzheimer and Pick. Lancet, I, 1038.
36. Itzhaki, RF., Maitland, NJ., Wilcock, GK. (1993) Detection by polymerase chain reaction of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) DNA in brain of aged normals and Alzheimer’s disease patients. Chichester, 98, 102.
37. Baringer, JR., Pisani, P. (1994) Herpes simplex virus genomes in human nervous system tissue analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Ann Neurol, 36 (6), 823-829.
38. Itzhaki, RF., Lin, WR., Shang, D. (1997) Herpes simplex virus type 1 in brain and risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet, 349:241-244.
39. Leissring, MA., Sugarman, MC., Laferla, FM. (1998) Herpes Simplex Virus Infections and Alzheimer’s Disease. Drugs & Aging, 13(3), 193-198.
40. Kountouras, J., Boziki, M., Gavalas, E. (2009) Increased cerebrospinal ﬂuid Helicobacter pylori antibody in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Neurosci, 119(6):765–777.
41. Roubaud-Baudron, C., Varon, C., Megraud, F., Salles, N. (2016) Alzheimer's disease and Helicobacter pylori infection: a possible link? Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil, 14(1), 86-94.
42. Kountouras, J., Boziki, M., Gavalas, E., Zavos, C., Deretzi, G., Chatzigeorgiou, S., Katsinelos, P., Grigoriadis, N., Giartza-Taxidou, E., Venizelos, I. (2010) Five-year survival after Helicobacter pylori eradication in Alzheimer disease patients. Cogn Behav Neurol, 23(3):199–204.
43. Balin, BJ., Gerard, HC., Arking, EJ., Appelt, DM., Branigan PJ., Abrams, JT., Whittum-Hudson, JA., Hudson, AP. (1998) Identiﬁcation and localization of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Alzheimer’s brain. Med Microbiol Immunol, 187(1):23–42.
44. Gerard, HC., Dreses-Werringloer, U., Wildt, KS., Deka, S., Oszust, C., Balin, BJ., Frey, WH., Bordayo, EZ., Whittum-Hudson, JA., Hudson, AP. (2006) Chlamydophila (Chlamydia)pneumoniae in the Alzheimer’s brain. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 48, 355-366.
45. Balin, BJ., Little, CS., Hammond, CJ., Appelt, DM., Whittum-Hudson, JA., Gerard, HC., Hudson, AP. (2008) Chlamydophila Pneumoniae and the Etiology of Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 13, 371-380.
46. Soto, C. (2003) Unfolding the role of protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat. Rev. Neurosci, 4, 49–60.
47. Schwarzman, AL., Sarantseva, SV. (2017) Transmission of Pathogenic Protein Aggregates in Alzheimer’s Disease. Molecular Biology, 51(3), 368–371.
48. Onodera, T., Otsuka, M. (2017) Dual role of cellular prion protein in normal host and Alzheimer’s disease. The Japan Academy, 93(4),155-172.
49. Tousseyn, T., Bajsarowicz, K., Sánchez, H., Gheyara, A., Oehler, A., Geschwind, M. (2015) Prion Disease Induces Alzheimer Disease-Like Neuropathologic Changes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 74(9), 873-888.
50. Braak, H., Tredici, KD. (2016) Potential Pathways of Abnormal Tau and a-Synuclein Dissemination in Sporadic Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 8, 1-23.
51. Soscia, SJ., Kirby, JE., Washicosky, KJ., Tucker, SM., Ingelsson, M., Hyman, B. (2010) The Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Amyloid β-Protein Is an Antimicrobial Peptide. Plos One, 5(3), e9505.
52. Alonso, R., Pisa, D., Fernández-Fernández, AM., Carrasco, L. (2018) Infection of Fungi and Bacteria in Brain Tissue From Elderly Persons and Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10, 1-20.
53. Alonso, R., Pisa, D., Marina, AI., Morato, E., Rabano, A., Carrasco, L. (2014) Fungal Infection in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 41(1), 301-311.
54. Pisa, D., Alonso, R., Rabano, A., Rodal, I., Carrasco, L.. (2015) Different Brain Regions are Infected with Fungi in Alzheimer’s Disease. Nature, 5, 1-13.
55. Alonso, R., Pisa, D., Rabano, A., Carrasco, L. (2014) Alzheimer’s disease and disseminated mycoses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 33, 1125-1132.
56. Mastroeni, D., Nolz, J., Sekar, S., Delvaux, E., Serrano, G., Cuyugan, L., Liang, WS., Beach, TG., Rogers, J., Coleman, PD. (2018) Laser-captured microglia in the Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s brain reveal unique regional expression proﬁles and suggest a potential role for hepatitis B in the Alzheimer’s brain. Neurobiology of Aging., 63, 12-21.
57. Lai, F., Schupf, N. (2013) Hepatitis B, Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: A role for cytokines? The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 9(4), 865.
58. Alisky, JM. The coming problem of HIV-associated Alzheimer’s disease. (2007) Medical hypotheses, 69, 1140-1143.
59. Esiri, M., Biddolph, S., Morris, C. (1998) Prevalence of Alzheimer plaques in AIDS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 65(1), 29-33.
60. Bloom, GS., Lazo, JS., Norambuena, A. (2007) Reduced brain insülin signaling: A seminal process in Alzheimer’ disease pathogenesis. Neuropharmacology, 1-4.
61. Akter, K., Lanza, EA., Martin, SA., Myronyuk, N., Rua, M., Raffa, RB. (2011) Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease: shared pathology and treatment? British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 71(3), 365-376.