Derya ATAKUL

6486

Liberal Demokrasiler İçin Esas Sorun: “Sahte Haber” mi Yoksa Sahte Haberle Mücadeleye Yönelik Ulusal Düzenlemeler mi?

Bu makalede, “sahte haber”in mi yoksa sahte haberle mücadeleye yönelik ulusal düzenlemelerin mi liberal demokrasiler için daha büyük bir tehdit oluşturduğu incelenmektedir. Makalede öncelikle sahte haberin seçimler üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmakta, bu kapsamda dijital platformlardan yayılan sahte haberle seçimin yönlendirildiği iddialarının gölgesinde yapılan 2016 ABD Başkanlık seçimi ve sahte haber tehdidinin farkındalığı ile önleyici tedbirlerin alındığı 2019 AB Parlamentosu seçimi değerlendirilmektedir. Ardından, liberal demokrasilerin sahte haberle mücadeleye yönelik ulusal düzenlemelerinin ifade özgürlüğü üzerindeki etkisi irdelenmekte, yasama faaliyetlerine öncülük eden Almanya, Fransa ve Birleşik Krallık’ın bu alandaki kanunları incelenmektedir. Makalede, seçim dönemlerinde sahte haberin demokrasinin işleyişine verdiği zararın korkulduğu kadar büyük olmamasına rağmen sahte haberin çeşitli anlamlar içeren ve önemli ölçüde politize edilmiş bir kavram olduğu da dikkate alınarak ulusal kanunların çevrim içi ifadeyi aşırı düzenleme eğiliminde olduğu ve bu durumun Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi (AİHM) içtihadına göre de ifade özgürlüğüne yönelik ihlallere yol açabileceği savunulmaktadır. Makalede, medya okuryazarlığının ve küresel düzeydeki iş birliklerinin artırılmasının sahte haberin olumsuz etkilerini önlemeye ve ifade özgürlüğünü korumaya ulusal düzenlemelerin yapabileceğinden çok daha fazla katkıda bulunacağı ve sahte haberin çevrim içi ortamda yayılmasıyla mücadelede yasama yoluna başvurmanın devletler tarafından yeniden gözden geçirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmaktadır.

A REAL CHALLENGE FOR LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES: “FAKE NEWS” OR DOMESTIC REGULATIONS TO COUNTER FAKE NEWS?

This article aims to identify the greater threat to liberal democracies: “fake news” or domestic regulations intended to combat “fake news”. First, it assesses the impact of fake news on elections by analysing the 2016 US Presidential election in which the world faced the modern version of fake news for the first time and the 2019 EU Parliament election in which a non-regulatory initiative was launched to challenge fake news. Then, it evaluates the impact of regulations on free speech by reviewing liberal democracies’ pioneering regulatory frameworks intended to combat fake news: French Law no. 2018-1202, Germany’s Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz, and UK’s Online Harms White Paper. It argues that, while damage to the functioning of democracy caused by fake news during election periods has not been as great as was feared, since fake news has several, highly politicised meanings, legal frameworks tend to over-regulate, which may violate the freedom of expression according to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The article concludes that enhancing media literacy and non-regulatory efforts globally would contribute much more to prevent the impacts of fake news and to protect freedom of expression than legislative frameworks could, and that adopting regulatory frameworks to tackle the online dissemination of fake news should be reconsidered.
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Anayasa Yargısı-Cover
  • ISSN: 1301-1200
  • Yayın Aralığı: 2
  • Başlangıç: 1984
  • Yayıncı: Anayasa Yargısı Araştırmaları Merkezi
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