Çukurova koşullarında toprak işleme yöntemlerinin agregatlara bağlı toplam karbon ve azot içerikleri üzerine etkileri

Çukurova koşullarında yaklaşık % 50 oranında kil içeren bir toprakta uzun süreli (2006-2014) buğday-mısır ve buğday-soya rotasyonu altında altı farklı toprak işleme yönteminin iki farklı derinlikte (0-15 ve 15-30 cm) agregatlara bağlı toplam karbon ve azot içeriğine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Toprak işleme uygulamaları olarak; Anızlı geleneksel toprak işleme (Gİ–1), Anızları yakılmış geleneksel toprak işleme (Gİ–2), Ağır diskli tırmıklı azaltılmış toprak işleme (ATİ–1), Rototillerli azaltılmış toprak işleme (ATİ–2), Ağır diskli tırmıklı azaltılmış sıfır toprak işleme (ASTİ) ve Doğrudan ekimli sıfır toprak işleme (STİ) yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Her bir işleme yöntemi 480 m2’lik alana uygulanmakta ve 3 tekerrürlü tesadüf parselinden oluşmaktadır. 0-15 cm derinlikte bütün agregat boyutlarında (>4.0 mm, 4.0-2.0 mm, 2.0-1.0 mm ve 1.0-0.5 mm) toplam karbon değerleri geleneksel işleme yöntemlerine kıyasla korumalı işleme uygulamaları altında daha yüksek değerler elde edilmiştir. Derinlikteki artışla birlikte korumalı işleme yöntemleri altındaki agregatlarda bulunan toplam karbon değerleri azalmıştır. Her iki derinlikte (0-15 cm ve 15-30 cm) ve bütün agregat boyutlarında (>4.0 mm, 4.0-2.0 mm, 2.0-1.0 mm ve 1.0-0.5 mm) en yüksek toplam azot değerleri ATİ-1 işleme yöntemi altında belirlenmiştir. Korumalı işleme yöntemleri, geleneksel işleme yöntemlerine kıyasla agregatlar içerisinde toplam karbonun bağlanmasında önemli iyileşmeler sağladığı belirlenmiştir. ATİ-1 hariç diğer korumalı işleme yöntemlerinde (STİ, ASTİ ve ATİ-2) geleneksel işlemelere göre daha düşük toplam azot değerleri belirlenmiştir.

Effects of soil tillage systems on aggregate-associated total carbon and nitrogen contents under Çukurova conditions

The effect of six different tillage methods under long-term (2006-2014) wheat-maize and wheat-soy rotations on aggregate-assosicated total carbon and nitrogen content in two different depths (0-15, 15-30 cm) were studied under Çukurova conditions in approximately 50 % clay containing soil. The tillage systems consisted of conventional tillage with stubble (CT-1), conventional tillage with stubbles burned (CT-2), heavy disc harrow reduced tillage (RT-1), rototiller reduced tillage (RT-2), reduced tillage with heavy tandem disc harrow fallowed by no-tillage (RNT), and no-till (NT). Each tillage method applied at 480 m2 plot and replicated three times in randomly distributed plots. Aggregate-associated total C contents in 0-15 cm depth were obtained higher in conservation tillage treatments compared to traditional tillage techniques at all aggregate sizes (>4.0 mm, 4.0-2.0 mm, 2.0-1.0 mm and 1.0-0.5 mm). Aggregate-associated total C values under conservation tillage methods decreased with increasing soil depth. In both depths (0-15, 15-30 cm) and at all aggregate sizes the highest total nitrogen concentration values were determined in RT-1 tillage treatment. Significant enhancements of total carbon bounding in aggregates were observed in conservation tillage methods compared to traditional tillage methods. Except for RT-1 in other conservation tillage methods (NT, RNT and RT-2) total nitrogen values were lower compared to conventional tillage methods.

Keywords:

Aggregate, Conservation tillage, No-till Total nitrogen, Total carbon,

PDF

___

Abid, M., Lal, R., 2008. Tillageanddrainageimpact on soilquality I. Aggregatestability, carbonandnitrogenpools. SoilandTillageResearch, 100: 89–98.
Alvarez, C.,Alvarez, C.R., Costantini, A., Basanta, M., 2014.
Carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soilsunderdifferentmanagement in the semi-arid Pampa (Argentina). Soil and Tillage Research, 142: 25–31.
Alvarez, R.,Russo, M.E., Prystupa, P., Scheiner, J.D., Blotta, L., 1998. Soil carbon pool sun der conventional and notillage systems in the Argentine Rolling Pampa. Agronomy Journal, 90: 138–143.
Andruschkewitsch, R.,Geisseler, D., Koch, H., Ludwig, B., 2013. Effects of tillage on contents of organic carbon, nitrogen, water stable aggregate sandlight fraction for four different long-termtrials. Geoderma, 192: 368–377.
Barbera, V.,Poma, I., Gristina, L., Novara, A., Egli, M., 2012.
Long-term cropping systems and tillage management effects on soil organic carbon stock and steady state level of C sequestrationrates in a semiarid environment. Land Degradationand Development, 23: 82–91.
Bhattacharyya, B.,Prakash, V., Kundu, S., Srivastva, A.K., Gupta, H.S., 2009. Soilaggregationandorganicmatter in a sandyclayloamsoil of the Indian Himalaya suder different tillage and crop regimes. Agriculture, Ecosystemsand Environment, 132: 126–134.
Blanco-Canqui, H., Lal, R., 2006. Tensile Strength of Aggregates. Encyclopedia of Soil Science, vol. 45–48.
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Blume, H.P.,Brümmer, G.W., Horn, R., Kandeler, E., KögelKnabner, I., Kretzschmar, R., Stahr, K., Wilke, B.M., 2010. Scheffer/Schachtschabel. Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde.
Campbell, C.A.,Mc Conkey, B.G., Zentner, R.P., Dyck, F.B., Selles, F., Curtin, D., 1995. Carbonsequestration in a Brown Chernozem as affected by tillage and rotation. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75: 449–458.
Cannell, R.Q.,Hawes, J.D., 1994. Trends in tillagepractices in relationtosustainablecropproductionwithspecialreferenceto temperateclimates. Soi land Tillage Research, 30: 245- 282.
Christensen, B.T., 2001. Physical fractionation of soil and structural and functional complexity in organic matter turnover. European Journal of Soil Science, 52: 345–353.
Costantini, A., De-Polli, H., Galarza, C., Rossiello, R.P., Romaniuk, R. 2006. Total and mineralizable soil carbon as affect byt illage in the Argentinean Pampas. Soil and Tillage Research, 88: 274–278.
Çelik, İ.,Ortaş, İ., Bereket Barut, Z., Gök, M., Sarıyev, A., Demirbaş, A., Akpınar, Ç., Tülün, Y., 2009. Farklı Toprak İşleme Sistemlerinin Toprak Kalitesi Parametrelerine ve Ürün Verimine Etkileri. TÜBİTAK-TOVAK, Araştırma projesi Sonuç Raporu.
Dexter, A.R., 1988. Advances in characterization of soil structure. Soil and Tillage Research, 11: 199-238.
Du, Z., Ren, T., Hu, C., 2010. Tillage and residueremoval – effects on soil carbon and nitrogen storage in the North China Plain. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 74(1): 196–202.
Follet, R.F.,Castellanos, J.Z., Buenger, E.D., 2005. Carbon Dynamics and sequestration in an irrigated Vertisol in Central Mexico. Soil and Tillage Research 83: 148–158.
Gal, A.,Vyn, T.J., Micheli, E., Kladivko, E.J., McFee, W.W., 2007. Soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation withlong-termno-till versus moldboard plowing over estimated with tilled-zone sampling depths. Soil and Tillage Research, 96: 42-51.
Gülez, M., Şenol, S., 2002. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Toprak Bölümü Deneme Alanının Detaylı Toprak Etüd ve Haritalaması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 17: 103-110.
Hao, X.,Chang, C., Lindwall, C.W., 2001. Tillage and crop sequence effects on organi ccarbon and total nitrogen content in an irrigated Alberta soil. Soil and Tillage Research, 62: 167-169.
Havlin, J.L.,Kissel, D.E., Maddux, L.D., Claassen, M.M., Long, J.H., 1990. Crop rotation and tillage effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 54: 448–452.
Heenan, D.P.,Chan, K.Y., Knight, P.G., 2004. Long-term impact of rotation, tillage and stubble management on the loss of soil organic carbon and nitrogen from a Chromic Luvisol. Soil and Tillage Research, 76: 59–68.
Hou, X.,Li, R., Jia, Z., Han, Q., 2013. Effect of Rotational Tillage on Soil Aggregates, Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in the Loess Plateau Area of China. Pedosphere, 23: 542– 548.
Huang, M.,Liang, T., Wang, L., Zhou, C., 2015. Effects of notillage systems on soil physical properties and carbon sequestration under long-term wheat–maize double cropping system. Catena, 128: 195–202.
Islam, K.R.,Weil, R.R. ,2000. Land useeffects on soilquality in a tropical forest ecosystem of Bangladesh. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 79(1): 9-16.
Jacobs, A.,Rauber, R., Ludwig, B., 2009. Impact of reduced tillage on carbon and nitrogen storage of two Haplic Luvisol safter 40 years. Soil and Tillage Research, 102: 158–164.
Jiang, X., Wright, A.L., Wang, J., Li, Z., 2011. Long-term tillage effects on the distribution patterns of microbialbiomass and activities within soil aggregates. Catena, 87: 276-280.
Kabiri, V.,Raiesi, F., Ghazavi, M.A., 2015. Sixyears of different tillage system saffecte daggregate-associated SOM in a semi-arid loam soil from Central Iran. Soil and Tillage Research, 154: 114–125.
Kahlon, M.S., Lal, R., Ann-Varughese, M., 2013. Twenty two years of tillage and mulching impacts on soil physical characteristics and carbon sequestration in Central Ohio. Soi land Tillage Research, 126: 151–158.
Kasper, M.,Buchan, G.D., Mentler, A., Blum, W.E.H., 2009. Influence of soil tillage systems on aggregat estabilityand the distribution of C and N in different aggregat efractions.Soil and Tillage Research, 105: 192–199.
Kushwaha, C.P.,Tripathi, S.K., Singh, K.P., 2001. Soil organic matter and waters table aggregate sunder different tillage and residue conditions in a tropical dry land agroecosystem. Applied Soil Ecology, 16: 229–241.
Kutilex, M., 2004. Soil hydraulic properties as related to soil structure. Soil and Tillage Research, 79, 175-184.
Lal, R., 1998. Methods for assessment of soil degradation. In: Advances in Soil Science. CRP press, Boca Raton, FL.
Lal, R.,Kimble, J.M., Follett, R.F., Cole, C.V., 1998. The Potential of U.S Cropland to Sequester Carbon and Mitigatethe Greenhouse Ef ect. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, 128 pp
Lal, R.,Kimble, J.M., Follett, R.F., Cole, C.V., 1999.
Management of U.S. crop land to sequester carbon in soil. Journal of Soiland Water Conservation 54: 374–381.
Nardi, S.,Cocheri, G., DellAgnola, G., 1996. Biological activity of humus. In: Piccolo, A. (Ed.), Humic Substances in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 361- 406.
Özbek, H., Kaya, Z., Gök, M., Kaptan, H., 1993. Toprak Bilimi. P. Schachtschabel, H.-P. Blume, G. Brummer, K.- H. Hartge, U. Schwertmann (Çeviri). Ç.Ü. Zir. Fak. Ders Kitapları Yay. No: 16.
Pagliai, M.,Vignozzi, N., Pellegrini, S., 2004. Soil structure and the effect of management practices. Soil and Tillage Research, 79: 131-143.
Paustian, K.,Collins, H.P., Paul, E.A., 1997. Management controls on soil carbon. In: Paul, E.A., et al. (Eds.), Soil Organic Matter in Temperate Agroecosystems, Long term Experiments in North America. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 15–49.
Pinheiro, E.F.M.,Pereira, M.G., Anjos, L.H.C., 2004. Aggregate distribution and soil organicmatter under differentt illage systems for vegetable crops in a Red Latosol from Brazil. Soil and TillageResearch, 77: 79–84.
Rasmussen, P.E.,Albrecht, S.L., Smiley, R.W., 1998. Soil C and N change sunder tillage and cropping systems in semiarid Pacific Northwest agriculture. Soi land Tillage Research, 47: 197-205.
Resck, D.V.S.,Vasconcellos, C.A., Vilela, L., Macedo, M.C.M., 1999. Impact of conversion of Brazilian Cerradosto crop land and pastureland on soil carbon pooland dynamics. In: Lal, R.,Kimble, J.M., Stewart, B.A.
(Eds.), Global Climate Change and Tropical Ecosystems. Adv. Soil Sci. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 169–196.
Sisti, C.P.J.,Dos Santos, H.P., Kohhann, R., Alves, B.J.R., Urquiaga, S., Boddey, R.M., 2004. Changes in carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil under 13 years of conventional orzero tillage in southern Brazil. Soil and TillageResearch, 76: 39–58.
Six, J.,Elliott, E.T., Paustian, K., 2000. Soil Macro aggregateTurnover and Microaggregate Formation: A Mechanism for C Sequestration under No-Tillage Agriculture. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32(14): 2099- 2103.
Soil Survey Staff, 1999. Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys, 2nd edition. Agriculture Handbook, vol. 435.USDA, NRCS., US Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
Steinbach, H.S.,Alvarez, R., 2006. Changes in soil organic carbon contents and nitrousoxide emissions after introduction of no-till in Pampean agroecosystems. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35: 3–13.
Torbert, H.A., Potter, K.N., MorrisonJr, J.E., 1998. Tillage intensity and crop residue effects on nitrogen and carbon cycling in a Vertisol. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 29(5-6): 717-727.
Xue, J., Pu, C., Liu, S., Chen, Z., Chen, F., Xiao, X., Lal, R., Zhang, H., 2015. Effects of tilla gesystems on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in a double paddy cropping system in Southern China. Soil and TillageResearch, 153: 161–168.