YUSUF YANAR, Dürdane YANAR, Osman ECEVİT

Bitki zararlısı akarlarla mücadelede entomopatojen fungusların önemi

Bitki zararlısı akarlar, genel olarak vücutlarının yumuşak olması ve yaşam ortamlarının fungal etmenlerin gelişmesine ve yayılmasına uygun olması nedeniyle entomopatojen funguslara daha duyarlıdırlar. Akarlara karşı uygulanacak entegre mücadele programlarında, entomopatojen funguslara yer verilmesi bu programların etkinliğini ve başarısını artıracaktır. Burada, 44 bitki zararlısı akar türünde hastalık oluşturan 29 fungus türüne yer verilmiştir. Bunlardan bazıları hem böceklerde, hem de akarlarda hastalık oluştururken, bir kısmı sadece akarlara özelleşmiş türlerdir. Bunlardan bazıları ile ilgili çalışmalar, laboratuvar koşullarıyla sınırlı kalırken, bazılarının tarla koşullarında etkinlikleri test edilerek ticari preparatları üretilmiştir. Bu fungusların tamamına yakını Tetranychidae ve Eriophyidae familyalarına mensup türler üzerinde patojen olarak yaşamaktadırlar. Bunlardan akarlara özelleşmiş olan Hirsutella thompsonii ve Neozygites floridana onların populasyonlarını etkin bir şekilde kontrol edebilmektedir. Amerikada 1981 yılında Mycar™ adıyla H. thomsoni'nin ticari preparatlan piyasaya sürülmüştür. Bu türlerin biyolojik mücadelede etkin bir şekilde kullanılabilmesi için kitle üretimi ve uygulama yöntemleri konusunda daha fazla çalışma yapılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Neozygites, Neozygites floridana, patojenler, biyolojik kontrol, Hirsutella, Hirsutella thompsonii, Eriophyidae, Tetranychidae, entomopatojen mantarlar, mayt, Acari, bitki zararlıları

Importance of enthomopathogen fungi on spider mite control

Phytophagous mites are good host for entomopathogen fungi; because they are generally soft bodied and many inhabit in environments with humid microclimates which favour infection and disease spread. Efficacy of integrated mite management programs can be increased with entomopathogen fungi as biocontrol agents. We have record of 29 species of fungi infecting 44 phytophagous mite species in this review. A number of species are specific to spider mites whereas other species of entomopathogen fungi kill both spider mites and insects. Studies on some of these fungi were limited with laboratory whereas efficacy of other species were tested under field conditions and commercial mycopesticide was produced., e.. Mycar™ in the USA in 1981 Most of these pathogen species of the phytophagous mites are in the families Tetranychidae and Eriophyidae. Two species of acri-specific pathogen, Hirsutella thompsonii and Neozygites floridana are important natural regulators of pestiferous eriophyid and tetranychid mites, respectively. Further researches are required to develop efficient mass production systems for species of Hirsutella and Neozygites.

Keywords:

Neozygites, Neozygites floridana, pathogens, biological control, Hirsutella, Hirsutella thompsonii, Eriophyidae, Tetranychidae, entomogenous fungi, mites, Acari, plant pests,

___

Alexopoulos,C. J. Mims ,C. W. and Blacwell, M. 1995. introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. NewYork, USA.750 pp.
Barta, M., Cagan, K., 2003. Entomopathoralean fungi associated with common nettle aphid (Microlophium carnosum) and the potential role of nettle patches as reservoirs for the pathogen in landscape.
Batta, Y.A., 2003. Production and testing of novel formulations of the entomopatthogenic fungus Metarhizhim anisoplia (Metshinkoff) Sorokin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Crop Protection, 22:415-422.
Bolckmans, G., Sterk, J., Eyol, J., Sels ,B. and Stepman, W. 1995. PrfFeral, (Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strain Apopka 97), a new microbial insecticide for the biological control of white-flies in greenhouse. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Geat. 60:707-711.
Cehrnin, L., Gafni,A., Mozes-Koch, R., Gerson, U. and Sztejnberg, A. 1997. Chitolytic activity of the acaropathogenic fungi Hirsutella thompsonii and H. necatrix. Can J. Microbiol.43:440-446.
Chandler, D. Davidson, G. Pell, J.K. Ball, B.V., Shaw, K. and Sunderland, K.D. 2000. Fungal biocontrol of Acari. Biocontrol Sci. And Technol. 10:357-384.
Coop, L.B. and Croft, B.A. 1995. Neoseiulus fallacis dispersal and biological control of Tetmnychus urticae following minimal inoculation into a strawberry field. Exp. And Appl. Acarol. 19:31-43.
Cranham, J.E. and Helle, W. 1985. Pesticide resistance in Tetranychidae,in spider mites,Their Biology,Netural Enemies and Control Vol. lB(Helle,W. And Sabelis,M.W.,Eds),Elsevier Amsterdam,pp.405-421.
Croft, B.A. and Slone, D.H. 1997. Equilibrium densities of European red mites (Acari; Tetranychidae) after exposure to three levels of predaceous mite diversity on apple. Environ.Entomol. 26:391-399.
Dittrich, V.1975. Acaricide resistance in mites; Z. Ang. Ent. 78:28-45.
Ecevit, O. ve Hatat, G. 1989.Bitki zararlısı akarlarla mücadelede mikroorganizmaların önemi. II. Fungus,Bakteri ve Protozoaların akarlarla mücadelede kullanım imkanları. OMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 5:229-239.
Elliot, S.L., De Moraes, G.J. and MıımfordJ.D. 2002. importance of ambient saturation deficits in anepizootic of the fungus Neozygites floridana in cassava green mites (Mononychelhts tanajoa). Exp. And Appl. Acarol. 27:11-25.
Elliot, S.L., De Moraes, G.J., Delalibera, I.Jr., Da Silva, C.A.D., Tamai, M.A. and Mufnford, J.D. 2000. Potential of the mite-pathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae) for control of cassava green mites Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae). . Bulletin of Entomological Research 90:191-200.
Faria, M. and Wraight, S.P. 2001. Bioligical control of Bemicia tahaci with fungi. Crop Protect. 20:767-778.
Fengying, G.Zhang, Z. And Zhao, Z. 1998.Pesticide resistance of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari;Tetranychidae) in China Systematic and Appl. Acarology 3;3-7.
Gardner,W.A., Oetting,R.D. and Storey, G.K. 1982. Susceptibility of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, to the fungal pathogen Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher Fla. Entomol. 65:458-465.
Gerso, U., Kenneth, R.5 Muttath, T.I., 1979. H. thompsonii a fungal pathogen of mites. Ann. Appl. Biol., 91:29-40.
Grafton-Cordwell, E.E. Ouyang, Y. and Stringgow,R.A. 1997. Predaceous mites (acari;Phytoseiidae) for control of spider mites (Acari;Tetranychidae) in nursery citrus. Environ. Entomol.26:121-130.
Hajek, A.E. and Leger, R.F. 1994. interactions between fungal pathogens and insects hosts. Annu.Rew. Entomol. 39:293-322.
HardmanJ.M., Smith, R.F. and Bent, E. 1995. Effects of different integrated pest management programs on biological control of mites on apple by predatory mites (Acari) in Nova Scotia. Env. Entomol.2:125-142.
Ignoffo, CM., 1988. Entomogenous protozoa and fungi. CRC series in Naturally Occuring Pesticides, 151-235p.
Jeppson,L.R.,Keifer,H.H. and Baker, E.W. 1975. Mites injurious to economic plants. University of California Press, Berkeley, Loş Angeles, USA, 382 pp.
Klubertanz,Th.H.,Pedigo,L.P. and Carlos,R.E. 1991. Impact of fungal epizootics on the biology and management of the two-spotted spider mite (Acari :Tetranychidae) in soybean. Environ.Entomol. 20:731-735.
Leger,R.J. 1993. Biology and mechanisms of insect cuticle invasion by deuteromycetes fungal pathogens, in parasites and pathogen of insects, Vol.2; Academic Press, San Diego,USA,pp.211-230.
Leite,L.G., Smith,L., De Moraes, G.J. and Roberts,D.W. 2000. İn vitro production of hyphal bodies of the mite pathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana. Mycologia 92:201-207.
Lester, P.J., Thistlewood, H.M.A., Marshall, D.B. and Hurmsen, R. 1999. Assessment of Amblyseius fallacis (Acari:Phytoseiidae) for biological control of Tetranychid mites in an Ontario peach orchard. Exp. Appl. Acarol.23:995-1009.
Lipa, J.J., 1971. Microbial Control of Mites and Ticks in Microbial Control of Insects and Mites. Academic Press inc. New york. 860pp.
Me Coy, C.W. and Heimpel, A.M. 1980. Safety of the potential mycoacari,sit, Hirsutella thompsonii, to vertebrates. Environm. Entom. 9:47-49.
McMurty, J.A. and Croft, A.B. 1997. Life-styles of Phytoseiid mites and their roles in biological control. Annu .Rev. Entomol. 42:291-321.
Messing, R.H. and Croft, B.A. 1996. Pesticide resistance in Eriophyoid mites, their competitors and predators in Eriophyoid mites,their biology,natural enemies and control (Lindquist,E.E., Sabelis,M.W. and BruinJ. Eds.) Elsevier, Amsterdam,The Netherlands,pp.689-694.
Milner, RJ. 1997. Prospects for biopesticides for aphid control. Enthomophaga 42:227-239.
Oduor, G.I.,Yaninek, J.S., Van der Geest, L.P.S. and De Moraes, G.J. 1996. Germination and viability of Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) under constant temperature,humidity and light conditions. J. Invertebr. Pathol.67:267-278.
Omoto, C. and McCoy, C.W. 1998. Toxicity of prufied fungal toxin hirsutellin A to the citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ash). J. Invertbr. Pathol. 72:319-322.
Pena, J.E., Osborne, L.S. and Duncan, D.E., 1996. Potential of fungi as biocontrot agents of Polyphagotarsonemus latus. Enttomophaga, 41(l):27-36.
Poinar, Jr., Poinar, R., 1998. Parasites and Pathogens of Mites. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43: 449-469.
Shah, P.A., Goettel, M.S., 1999. Directory of Microbial Control Products and Services. Society for Invertebrate pathology, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Sopp, P.I., Gil!espie,A.T. and Polmer, A. 1990. Comperison of ultra-low volume electrostatic and high-volume hydreulic application of Verticillium lecanii for aphid control on Chrysanthemum. Crop Protect. 9:177-184.
Sosa-Gomez, D.R. and Mascardi, F. 1998. Laboratory and Field Studies on the infection of stink bngs,Nezera viridula, Piezodoms quildinii and Euschistus heros (Hemiptera;Pentatomidae) with Metarhizium anisopliae and Baouveria bassiana in Brazil. J. İvertebrate Pathol.71:115-120.
Susilo, F.X., Nordin, G.L. and Brown, G.C. 1994. Age-specific and inter-sexual susceptibility of twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, to Neozygites floridana Weiser and Muma. J.Kansas Entomol. Soc. 67:293-296.
Sztenjnberg, A., Doron-Shloush and Gerson, U., 1997. The biology ofthhe acaropathogenic fungus Hirsutella kirchneri. Biocontro! sci. Technol. 7:577-590.
Thomas, M.B., Blonford, S., Gbongboui, C. and Lomer, C. 1998. Experimental studies to evaluate spray applications of a mycoinsecticide against the rice grasshoppers, Hieroglpyhus dagonensis in northern Benin. Entomologia Exp. Et Appl. 87:93-102.
Tomai, m.A., Alves, S.B., De- Almeida, S.E.M. and Faion, M., 2002. Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Control of T. urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Arg. Inst. Biol. Soc. Paulo, 69:77-84.
Van Der Geest, L.P.S., Elliot, S.L., Breeuwer, J.A.J. and Beerling, E.A.M. 2000. Pathogen of mites. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24:497-560.
Vestergaord, S., Butt, T.M., Gillespie, A.T., Schreiter, G. and Eilenberg, J. 1995. Pathogenicity of Hyphomycetes fungi Verticillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae to the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. Biocontrol. Sci. And Technol. 5:185-192.
Vey, A., Quiot, J.M., Mazet, I. and McCoy, C.W. 1993. Toxicity and pathology of crude broth filtrate produced by Hirsutella thompsonii var. Thompsonii in shake culture. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 61:131-137.
Wu, K.M. and Liu, Q.X. 1995. Resistance dynamics of catton spider mites to dicofol and omethoate. Entomological Knowledge, 32;266-270.