Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Link Schneider) ve Türkiye' de yetiştirilebilme olanakları II. Jojobanın ekolojik istekleri ve Türkiye' de yetiştirilebilme olanakları

Jojoba her dem yeşil, iki evcikli. çalı formunda bir çöl bitkisidir ve yağı için yetiştirilmektedir. Jojobanm dünya üzerinde doğal olarak yayılış alanı 23-35° kuzey enlemleri ve 101-107° batı boylamları arasındadır ve Amerika'nın güneybatısı ile Meksika'nın kuzeyinde yetişmektedir. Genel olarak hafif ve orta hafif yapılı, su geçirgenliği ve drenajı iyi olan topraklarda yetişmektedir. Gerek tuzluluk gerekse alkalileşme gibi toprak problemi olan topraklarda yaşayabilmekte ve toprak su tuzluluğunun. 7000 ppm olduğu ortamlarda bile gelişen ve çiçeklenen tipleri bulunmaktadır. Çok yüksek sıcaklıklara dayanıklı bir bitki olan jojoba lO-4(l°C'lik sıcaklıklarda fotosentez yapabilmektedir. Ancak bitkinin vejetatif gelişimi için en uygun sıcaklıklar 28-33°C'dir. Yetiştiriciliğinde yüksek sıcaklıklardan daha ziyade düşük sıcaklıklar dikkate alınmalıdır. Jojoba -9°C'ye kadar dayanabilmekte ancak uzun süre -5°C 'nin altına düsen yerlerde zarar görmektedir. Doğal yayılış alanındaki yıllık yağış miktarı 200-460 mm'dir. Ekonomik sebeplerden .dolayı 460-610 mm yıllık yağış alan bölgeler jojoba plantasyonlarının kurulabileceği en uygun bölgelerdir. Bitkinin ekolojik istekleri ve bugüne kadar yapılan çalışmalar göz önüne alındığında Akdeniz ve Ege sahili boyunca deniz seviyesinden 400 m yüksekliklere kadar olan kurak alanlarda yetiştiriciliğini yapmak mümkündür. Özellikle tarıma çok uygun olmayan eğimli ve sorunlu kurak arazilerde rahatlıkla yetiştirilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Simmondsia chinensis, Türkiye, uyum, iklim, ekoloji, Jojoba, bitki ekolojisi, toprak

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Link Schneider) and its culture in Turkey II. Ecological expectations of jojoba and possibilities of its culture in Turkey

Jojoba is an evergreen dioecious, desert shrub which is grown for its wax. Natural populations occur in southwest part of the United States and North Mexico, between 23-35° north altitude and 1~01-107°C west longitude. Generally, the jojoba shrubs are grown on well-drained soils with sill and clay but some types of jojoba are grown very well on the soils having with salinity and alkalinity problems. Even if. there is some types that grow satisfactorily and set flowers at a soil-water salinity of about 7 000 ppm. Jojoba tolerates extremely high temperatures and the plants can dophotosynthetic activity at 10 to 40°C, but the optimum temperatures far jojoba growing is 28-33°C. Low temperatures rather than high temperatures restrict the growing of jojoba. The jojoba plants can stand to -9 °C, but the plants can be damaged when they are exposed to ~5 °C for a long time. The annual precipitation is 200-460 mm in the natural area of jojoba populations. But for economical reasons, the most suitable jojoba growing areas are the regions with 460-610 mm annual precipitations. According to the ecological requirements of jojoba and the results of studies done so far, it is possible to grow jojoba at the arid lands of Aegean and Mediterranean coastal region up to 400 m higher from sea level. Especially, jojoba can be grown satisfactorily on the sloping, arid lands not suitable for agriculture in these regions.

Keywords:

Simmondsia chinensis, Turkey, adaptation, climate, ecology, jojoba, plant ecology, soil,

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