Halophytes as a Potential Food Source

Toprak tuzluluğundaki artış ve kuraklık dünya genelinde özellikle tarımsal üretim için en önemli sorunlardır. Bu gibi alanların remediasyonu için harcanan çaba ve bütçeyle karşılaştırıldığında tuza toleranslı türler olan halofitler ürün olarak iyi bir alternative sağlamaktadır. %0,5'den yüksek tuzluluk şartlarında bile varlığını sürdüren halofit bitkilerin gıda, ilaç, endüstriyel hammadde, yem ve yakıt bitkisi olarak geleneksel kullanımları bulunmaktadır. Türkiye'de ise özellikle kıyı bölgelerinde sebze olarak tüketilmektedirler. Ülkemizde gerek doğal gerekse insan etkisi ile oluşmuş olan tuzlu alanlar oldukça geniş bir alanı kaplamakta ve genel olarak işe yaramaz çorak alanlar olarak Kabul edilmektedir. Ancak bu alanlar büyük bir çaba gerektirmeksizin halofit tarımında kullanım potansiyeline sahiptirler. Halofit bitkilerin gıda veya herhangi bir endüstriyel ürün olarak üretilmesi bu alanları da değerlendirecektir. Bu çalışmada gıda olarak dünya genelinde kullanılan taksonlardan ülkemizde de doğal olarak yetişenler ve ayrıca kullanımı olup ülkemizde akrabaları bulunan taksonlar ve potansiyel kullanımları verilmiştir

Potansiyel Gıda Kaynağı Olarak Halofitler

Increase in soil salinity and water deficiency is important problems of the world especially in agricultural areas. Beside of spending effort and capital for remediation of such areas, using salt tolerant crops can be a good alternative. For saline areas halophytes are the best candidates as a crop. They can survive in saline areas with salinity over 0.5%. Halophytes have some traditional usages as food, medicine, industrial products, forage and fuel. In Turkey, especially in coastal areas some of them are consumed as a vegetable. Turkey has large saline areas, which are accepted as wastelands, can be used for production of halophytes without great effort. Production of halophytes as food or any kind of industrial product also values these areas. In this study, halophytic plants with known usage for food and have potential for agricultural production in Turkey are provided

PDF

___

Anonymous. 2012. FAO Statistical Year Book 2012. World Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, Rome, p. 366.
Boyer, J. S. 1982. Plant productivity and environment. Science 218: 443-448.
Dagar, J. C. 2005. Ecology, Management and Utilization of Halophytes. Bull. Nat. Inst. Ecol. 15: 81-97.
Davy, A. J., G. F. Bishop, and C. S. B. Costa. 2001. Salicornia L. (Salicornia pusilla J. Woods, S. ramosissima J. Woods, S. europaea L., S. obscura P.W. Ball & Tutin, S. nitens P.W. Ball & Tutin, S. fragilis P.W. Ball & Tutin and S. dolichostachya Moss). J. Ecol. 89: 681-707.
Epstein, E., J. D., Norlyn, D. W. Rush, R. Kingsbury, and D. B. Kelley. 1980. Saline culture of crops: a genetic approach. Science 210: 399-404.
Flowers, T. J. 2004. Improving crop salt tolerance. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 307-319.
Flowers, T. J., and T. D. Colmer. 2008. Salinity tolerance in halophytes. New Phytol. 179: 945-963.
Flowers, T. J., M. A., Hajibagheri, and N. J. W. Clipson. 1986. Halophytes. Q Rev. Biol. 61: 313-337.
Flowers, T. J., P. F. Troke, and A. R. Yeo. 1997. The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Ann. Rev. Plant Physio. 28: 89-121.
Flowers, T. J., H. K. Galal, and L. Bromham. 2010. Evolution of halophytes: multiple origins of salt tolerance in land plants. Funct. Plant Biol. 37: 604-612.
Franke, W. 1982. Vitamin C in sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum), an edible wild plant. Econ. Bot. 36: 163-165.
Gallagher, J. L. 1985. Halophytic crops for cultivation at seawater salinity. Plant Soil 89: 323-336.
Ghassemi, F., Jakeman, A. J., and H. A., Nix. 1995. Salinization of land and water resources, human causes, extent, management and case studies Sydney, University of New South Wales.
Glenn, E. P., J. W. O’Leary, M. C. Watson, L. T. Thompson, and R. O. Kuelh. 1991. Salicornia bigelovii Torr.: an oilseed halophyte for seawater irrigation. Sciene 251: 1065-1067.
Malcolm, C. V. 1996. Economic and environmental aspects of the sustainable use of halophytic forages. p. 363-376. In: R., Choukr-Allah, C., Malcolm and A., Hamdy (Eds.) Halophytes and Biosaline Agriculture. Marcel Dekner, New York.
Mudie, P. J. 1974. The potential economic uses of halophytes. pp. 565-597. In: R. J., Reimold and W.H., Queen (Eds.) Ecology of halophytes. New York Academic Press.
O’Leary, J. W. 1984. The role of halophytes in irrigated agriculture. pp. 285-300. In: R. C., Staples, G.H., Toenniessen (Eds.) Salinity tolerance in plants. New York John Wiley & Sons.
O’Leary, J. W., E. P. Glenn, and M. C., Watson. 1985. Agricultural production of halophytes irrigated with seawater. Plant Soil 89: 311-321.
Owens, S. 2001. Salt of the earth. Genetic engineering may help to reclaim agricultural land lost due to salinization. EMBO Report 2: 877-879.
Panta, S., T. J. Flowers, P. Lane, R. Doyle, G. Haros, and S. Shabala. 2014. Halophyte agriculture: success stories. Environ. Exp. Bot. 107: 71-83.
Pessarakli, M., and I., Szabolcs. 1999. Soil salinity and sodicity as particular plant/crop stress factor. p: 1-16. In: M., Pessarakli (Ed.) Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress Marcel Dekker, New York.
Rameshkumar, S. and K., Eswaran. 2013. Ecology, utilization and coastal management of salt tolerant plants (halophytes and mangroves) of Mypad coastal regions, Andhra Pradesh India. Int. J. Environ. Biol. 3: 1-8.
Simopoulos, A. P. 2004. Omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants in edible wild plants. Biol. Res. 37: 263-277.
Tardio, J., M., Pardo de Santayana, and R. Morales. 2006. Ethnobotanical review of wild edible plants in Spain. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 152: 27-71.
Ventura, Y., and M., Sagi. 2013. Halophyte crop cultivation: the case for Salicornia and Sarcocornia. Environ. Exp. Bot. 92: 144-153.
Ventura, Y., A., Eshel, D., Pasternak and M., Sagi. 2015. The development of halophyte-based agriculture: past and present. Ann. Bot. 115: 529-540.
Wang, L., Z. Y., Zhao, K., Zhang, and C. Y. Tian. 2012. Oil content and fatty acid composition of dimorphic seeds of desert halophyte Suaeda aralocaspica. Afr. J. Agr. Res. 7: 1910-1914.
Weber, D. J., R., Ansari, B., Gul and M. A., Khan. 2007. Potential of halophytes as source of edible oil. J. Arid. Environ. 68: 315-321.
Wilson, C., S. M., Lesch, and C. M., Grieve, 2000. Growth stage modulates salinity tolerance of New Zealand Spinach (Teteragonia tetragonoides Pall) and Red Orach (Atriplex hortensis L.). Ann. Bot. 85: 501-509.
Yajun, B., L., Xiaojing., and L., Weiqiang. 2003. Primary analysis of four salt tolerant plants growing in Hai-He plain China. p. 135-138. In: H., Leith, M., Mochtchenko (Eds.) Cash Crop Halophytes: Recent Studies, Kluwar Academic Publishers, London, Great Britain.
Zarrouk, M., H. El Almi, N. B. Youssef, N. Sleimi, A. Smaoui, D. B. Miled, and C. Abdelly. 2003. Lipid composition of seeds of local halophytes: Cakile maritima, Zygophyllum album, Crithmum maritimum. In: Lieth, H., Mochtchenko, M. (eds.) Cash crop halophytes: recent studies, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publisher. pp: 121-124.
Zurayk, R., and R. Baalbaki. 1996. Inula crithmoides: a candidate plant for saline agriculture. Arid Soil Res. Rehab. 10: 213-223.