Yolsuzlukla Mücadelede Bağımsız (Özerk) Kamu Kuruluşları ve Hongkong ICAC Örneği

Yolsuzluk sosyo-ekonomik gelişmeye ve toplumsal bütünlüğe yaptığı olumsuz etkilerden dolayı toplumlar için en kötü olgulardan biridir ve diğer bir deyişle siyasi ve sosyal bütünlüğü ve işbirliğini bozduğu için de başa çıkılmak zorundadır. Bu noktada başa çıkma yollarından birisi de yolsuzlukla mücadelede bağımsız kuruluşlar kurmaktır. Bu kuruluşlar genellikle yolsuzluğun yoğun olarak yaşandığı ve bir hayat tarzı olarak benimsendiği yerlerde kurulmuştur. Bu kuruluşların ilk örneği, Singapur'da yolsuzlukla mücadelede sorumlu olan polis örgütünün başarısızlığı üzerine kurulmuştur. Benzer şekilde HongKong 'da da böyle bir bağımsız kuruluş kurulmuştur. Bu kuruluşların en önemli özelliği olan bağımsızlık, herhangi bir siyasi veya idari müdahaleden uzak olmayı ve mali bağımsızlığı ifade eder. Bağımsızlık doğrudan doğruya etkinliği etkilediği için bu kuruluşların özüdür ve temel özelliğidir. Bununla birlikte, iddiaların adli makamlara intikali ve kuruluşun işlemleri dolayısıyla sorumlu tutulabilmesi açısından birtakım kısıtlamalar vardır. Bağımsızlığa ek olarak, kuruluşun etkinliğini etkileyen birçok dahili ve harici faktörler vardır. Etkinliği belirleyen faktörlerin ülkeden ülkeye değişmesine rağmen, diğer faktörlerin de etkisini belirledikleri için siyasi istek ve siyasi yapı en etkili iki faktördür. Bu açıdan, siyasi istek ve mantıklı bir yolsuzluk karşıtı politika izlenirse yolsuzlukla mücadelede bağımsız kuruluşların başarılı olacağı söylenebilir.

The Independent Anticorruption Agencies and the Hongkong ICAC Case

The article has focused on the one of the most dangerous facts which has drawn attention throughout the history and also in the last century is corruption. The author points out that, corruption is one of the most deleterious obstacles for societies because of its impact on socio-economic development and social integrity. Because it devastates the political and social cooperation, it has to be tackled. One of the ways to overcome the corruption is to set up the Independent Anticorruption Agencies (lACAs). lACAs were set up generally where corruption was endemic, and acknowledged as a way of life. The first IACA was set up in Singapore because of the ineffectual police force in anticorruption combat. Similarly, HongKong set up the ICAC to eliminate corruption. The most important feature of lACAs is the independence which means to be free from any political or administrative interference and have financial autonomy. Independence is the essence and the core feature of these agencies in providing more effectiveness. However, there are some limitations in terms of prosecution and being held accountable by the public. Besides the independence, there are many external and internal factors that affect the effectiveness of lACAs. Although the conditions of effectiveness have a propensity to change from country to country, in general, political will and political structure are the most influential factors which determine the structure of the other factors. It can be concluded that, as long as there has been political will and reasonable anticorruption policy lACAs are able to be successful.

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