İsteğe bağlı kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk faaliyetleri: Görünürde hayırseverlik

Çalışmanın temel amacı "KSS kapsamında gerçekleştirilen faaliyetler Türkiye'de kâr veya kârlılığa yol açacak beklentilerle mi yapılıyor, yoksa bu faaliyetlerin arka planında başka unsurlar mı var" sorusuna yanıt aramaktır. Bu amaçla "KSS bileşenlerinin geçerliliği" sınanmaya, "isteğe bağlı gerçekleştirilen faaliyetlerin olası getirilen" belirlenmeye ve "bunlar ile medya arasındaki" ilişki sorgulanmaya çalışılmıştır. 1053 kuruluştan alınan yanıtlara göre, isteğe bağlı KSS faaliyetleri, gelişmiş ülkelerdekinin aksine, Türkiye 'de belirgin bir şekilde varlığını sürdürmektedir. Ancak bu faaliyetlerin bir çok getirişi de bulunduğundan büyük ölçekli kuruluşlar medya aracılığı ile bunları topluma duyurmak için çaba harcamaktadırlar. Bu yüzden de, bu faaliyetler, hiçbir çıkar beklemeden yapılan "hayırseverlik" faaliyetleri olmasının ötesinde, kuruluşların ekonomik imkânlarına paralel olarak "görünürde hayırsever" olmalarını sağlayan faaliyetler şeklinde de yorumlanabilir.

___

  • Abbott, W. F.-Monsen, J. R. (1979), "On the Measurement of Corporate Social Responsibility", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 22, p. 501-515.
  • Albareda, L. - Lozan, J. M. - Ysa, T. (2007), "Public Policies on Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Governments in Europe", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 74, No: 4, p. 391-407.
  • Alexander, G. J. - Buchholz, R. A. (1978), "Corporate Social Responsibility and Stock Market Performance", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 21, p. 479-486.
  • Antal, A. B. - Sobczak, A. (2007), "Corporate Social Responsibility in France: A Mix of National Traditions and International Influences", Business and Society, Vol. 46, p. 9-32.
  • Ascigil, S. (2003), "Corporate Social Responsibility in Turkey", Türkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etütler Vakfı (TESEV) Araştırması (Yayımlanmamış).
  • Ararat, M. (2005), "Social Responsibility in a State-Dependent Business System", Ha-bishch, A., Jonker, J., Wegner, M., Schmidpeter, R. (Ed.), Corporate Social Responsibility acros Europe (Ed.), Springer, Berlin, p. 247-261.
  • Ararat, M. (2008), "A Development Perspective for 'Corporate Social Responsibility': Case of Turkey", Corporate Governance. Vol. 8, No: 3, p. 271-285.
  • Arzova, S. Burak (2009), "Turkey: CSR in Practice", Idowu, S.O. - Filho, W. L. (Ed.), Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility, Springer, p. 373-392.
  • Aupperle, K. E. - Carroll, A. B. - Hatfield, J. D. (1985), "An Empirical Examination of Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 28, No: 2, p. 446-463.
  • Atila, E. - Küskü, F. (2006), "Görünürde Kurumsallık: Aile İşletmeleri Örneği", 2. Aile İşletmeleri Kongresi, Kongre Kitabı, 14-15 Nisan 2006, İstanbul, s. 191-199.
  • Barnett, M. L. (2007), "Stakeholder Influence Capacity and the Variability of Financial Returns to Corporate Social Responsibility", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 32, p. 794-816.
  • Becker Olsen, K. L. - Cudmore, B. A. - Hill, R. P. (2006), "The Impact of Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumer Behavior", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 59, p. 46-53.
  • Berkman, Ü. (2007), "İşletmelerin Toplumsal Sorumluluğuna İlişkin Türkiye'deki Akademik Çalışmalardan Bazı Örnekler ve Gözlemler", Yönetim, Cilt 18, s. 3-9.
  • Brammer, S. - Millington, A. (2005),"Corporate Reputation and Philanthropy: An Empirical Analysis", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 61, p. 29-44.
  • Bowen, H. R. (1953), Social Responsibilities of Businessman, Harper & Row, New York.
  • Buğra, A. (1997), Devlet ve İşadamları, Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Campbell, J. L. (2007), "Why Would Corporations Behave in Socially Responsible Ways? An institutional Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 32, p. 946-967.
  • Carroll, A. B. (1979), "A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 4, No: 4, p. 497-505.
  • Churchill, G. A. (1998), Marketing Research Methodological Foundations, The Dryden Press, Harcourt Brace College Publishers, USA.
  • Clarkson, M. B. E. (1995), "A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance^", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No: 1, p. 92-117.
  • Cochran, P. L. - Wood, R. A. (1984), "Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 27, p. 42-56.
  • Coelho, P. R. P. - McClure, J. E.-Spry, J. A. (2003), "The Social Responsibility of Corporate Management: A Classical Critique", Mid-American Journal of Business, Vol. 18, No: 1, p. 15-24.
  • Davis, K. (1960), "Can Business Afford to Ignore Social Responsibilities?", California Management Review, Vol. 2, p. 7-76.
  • Donaldson, T. - Dunfee, T. W. (1999), Ties That Bind, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
  • Frederick, W. C. (1960), "The Growing Concern Over Business Responsibility", California Management Review, Vol. 2, No: 4, p. 54-61.
  • Frederick, W. C. (1998), "Creatures, Corporations, Communities, Chaos, Complexity: A Naturological View of Corporate Social Role", Business and Society, Vol. 37, No: 4, p. 358-389.
  • Friedman, M. (1962), Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Friedman, M. (1970), "The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits", New York Times Magazine, September, Vol. 32-33, p. 122-126.
  • Fryxell, G. E. - Wang, J. (1994), "The Fortune Corporate 'Reputation' Index: Reputation for What?", Journal of Management, Vol. 20, p. 1-14.
  • Göçenoğlu, C. - Girgin, K. Z. (2004), "Kurumsal Yönetişimin Türkiye'deki Sosyal Sorumluluk Uygulamalarına Olan Etkileri", IV. Orta Anadolu İşletmecilik Kongresi, TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi, 13-14 Mayıs, Ankara, s. 72-79.
  • Handy, C. (2002), "What's a Business for?", Harvard Business Review, Vol. 80, No: 12, p. 49-55.
  • Hay, R. D. - Gray, E. R. (1974), "Social Responsibilities of Business Managers", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 17, No: l,p. 135-143.
  • Hemingway, C. A. - Maclagan, P. W. (2004), "Managers' Personal Values as Drivers of Corporate Responsibility", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 50, No: 1, p. 33-44.
  • Holliday, C. O. - Schmidheiny, S. - Watts, P. (2002), Walking the Talk, The Business Case for Sustainable Development, San Francisco.
  • Husted, B. W.- Salazar, J De Jesus. (2006), "Taking Friedman Seriously: Maximizing Profits and Social Performance", Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 43, No: 1, p. 75-91.
  • Ite, U. E. (2004), "Multinationals and Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nigeria", Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, Vol. 11, No: l,p. 1-11.
  • Jenkins, R. (2005), "Globalization, Corporate Social Responsibility and Poverty", International Affairs, Vol. 81, No: 3, p. 525-540.
  • Kotler, P. - Lee, N.(2005), Corporate Social Responsibility: Doing the Most Goodfor Your Company and Your Cause, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN-10: 0-471-47611-0
  • Kucuk Yilmaz, A. (2008), "The Corporate Social Responsibility Practice in the Turkish Automotive Distribution Companies", International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 3, No: 6, p. 139-147.
  • Küskü, F. - Erçek, M. (1999), "Vatandaş Kuruluş Kavramı: Türk Kuruluşları İyi Birer Vatandaş mı? ", Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 33, Sayı 3, s. 79-95.
  • Küskü F. (2001), Sorumluluk mu, Zorunluluk mu? Türk Otomotiv Sektörü'ndeki İşletmelerin Çevre Yönetimi Stratejileri Açısından Değerlendirilmesi, 9. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İşletme Fakültesi, Silivri, İstanbul, 24-26 Mayıs 2001, s. 155-169.
  • Küskü, F. - Aydın, İ. (2002), "Corporate Motivations and Pressures for Environmental Citizenship Behaviour: The Case of Turkish Medicine Industry", Eleventh World Business Congress- The Impact of Globalization on World Business in the New Millennium: Competition, Cooperation, Environment, and Development, Proceedings, July 10-14, Antalya, Turkey, p. 111-117.
  • Küskü, F. - Gür, D. (2003), "Çevreyi Korumak mı, Hukuki Düzenlemelere Uymak mı", Gürsoy, C.T. (Ed.), Prof Dr. Zeyyat Hatipoğlu 'na Armağan, Doğuş Üniversitesi, İstanbul, s. 324-341.
  • Küskü, F. - Zarkada Fraser, A. (2004), "An Empirical Investigation of Corporate Citizenship in Australia and Turkey", British Journal of Management, Vol. 15, No:l, p. 51-12.
  • Küskü, F. - Bay, A. (2006), "Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Kavramının Önlenemeyen Yükselişi", Demet Bayraktar-Ferhan Çebi - Bersam Bolat (Der), Sıtkı Gözlü 'ye Armağan; ISBN-13: 978-975-561-287-4).
  • Küskü, F. - Aydın, A. (2006), "Çevresel Vatandaşlık Faaliyetleri: Türk Tekstil Sanayii Örneği", Tokdemir, E.-Günçavdı, Ö. - Küçükçifçi, S. (Der), Yücel Candemir'e Armağan, İTÜ, İşletme Fakültesi, s: 321-333 (ISBN:975-561-286-6).
  • Küskü, F. (2007), 'Trom Necessity to Responsibility: Evidence for Corporate Environmental Citizenship Activities from a Developing Country Perspective Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, Vol. 1, p. 74-87.
  • Levitt, T. (1958), "The Dangers of Social Responsibility", Harvard Business Review, Eylül-Ekim, p. 41-50.
  • Luetkenhorst, W. (2004), "Corporate Social Responsibility and Development Agenda: the Case for Actively Involving Small and Medium Enterprises", Intereconomics, Vol. 39, No: 3, p. 157.
  • Maignan, I. - Ferrell, O. C. (2000), "Measuring Corporate Citizenship in Two Countries: The Case of the United States and France", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 23, No: 3, p. 83-297.
  • Maignan, I. - Ralston, A. D. (2002), "Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe and the U.S.: Insights From Businesses Self-Presentations", Journal of International Business Studiess, Vol. 33, No: 3, p*497-514.
  • Macchiette, B. - Roy, A. (1994), "Sensitive Groups And Social Issues: Are You Marketing Correct?", Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 11, No: 4, p. 55-64.
  • McWillams, A. - Siegel, D. (2001), "Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theory of the Firm Perspective", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 26, p. 117-127.
  • Mikkila, M. (2003), "Acceptability of Operations as an Indicator of Corporate Social Performance", Business Ethics, Vol. 12, No: 1, p. 78-87.
  • Mosley, D. - Pietri, P. H.-Megginson, M. C. (1996), Management: Leadership in Action, Harper Collins, New York.
  • Neiheisel, S. R. (1994), Corporate Strategy and the Politics of Goodwill, Peter Lang, New York.
  • Odaman, S. (2004), "Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Çerçevesinde 4857 Sayılı Yeni İş Kanunundaki Zorunlu'İstihdam Yükümlülüklerinin Etkileri ve Doğurabileceği Sorunlar", 14. Ulusal Kalite Kongresi Bildirisi.
  • Orlitzky, M. - Schmidt, F. L.-Rynes, S. L. (2003), "Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta Analysis", Organization Studies, Vol. 24, No: 3, p. 403-441.
  • Özen, Ş. - Küskü, F. (2009), "Corporate Environmental Citizenship Variation In Developing Countries: An Institutional Framework", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 89, No.2, p. 297-313.
  • Özkan, E. (2004), Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Ve Firmaların Pazarlama Başarısındaki Yeri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İTÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Palazzo, B. (2002), "U.S.-American and German Business Ethics: An international Corporation", Journal of Business Ethics, 41, p. 195-216.
  • Pava, M. L. - Krausz, J. (1996), "The Association Between Corporate Social
  • Responsibility and Financial Performance: The Paradox of Social Cost", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 15, No: 3, p. 321-357.
  • Post, F. R. (2003), "A Response to 'The Social Responsibility of Corporate
  • Management: A Classical Critique'", Mid-American Journal of Business, Vol. 18, No: 1, p. 25-35.
  • Robertson, D. C. (2009), "Corporate Social Responsibility and Different Stages of Economic Development: Singapore, Turkey and Ethiopia", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 88, p. 617-633.
  • Sahin, K. - Sahin Basfirinci, C.-Ozsalih, A. (2011), "The impact of board composition on corporate financial and social responsibility performance: Evidence from public-listed companies in Turkey", African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 5, No: 7, p. 2959-2978.
  • Schwartz, M. S. - Carroll, A. B. (2003), "Corporate Social Responsibility: A Three-domain Approach", Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 13, No: 4, p. 503-530.
  • Selim, R. (2001), "Türkiye'de Bir Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizliği Olgusu Olarak Yoksulluk", İktisat Dergisi, Sayı 418-419, p. 35-38.
  • Shaw, B. - Post, F. R. (1993), "A Moral Basis For Corporate Philanthropy", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 12, No: 10, p. 745-751.
  • Smart, N. (1989), The World's Religions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Snider, J. - Hill, P. - Martin, D. (2003), "Corporate Social Responsibility In The 21st Century: A View From The World's Most Successful Firms", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 48, No: 2, p. 175-187.
  • Steıırer, R. (2009), "The Role Of Governments In Corporate Social Responsibility: Characterizing Public Policies On CSR in Europe", Policy Sciences, Vol. 43, No.l, p. 49-72.
  • Strand, R. (1983), "A System Paradigm of Organisational Adaptations to the Social Environment", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 8, No: 1, p. 90-96.
  • Waddock, S. - Graves, S. B. (1997), "The Corporate Social Performance- Financial Performance Link", Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18, No: 4, p. 303-319.
  • Waddock, S. (2004), "Creating Corporate Accountability: Foundational Principles to Make Corporate Citizenship Real", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 50, No: 4, p. 313-327.
  • Williams, R. J. - Barrett, J. D. (2000), "Corporate Philanthrophy, Criminal Activity and Firm Reputation: Is There a Link?", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 26, p. 341-350.
  • Yamak, S. (2007), Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Kavramının Gelişimi, Beta Yayınları: 1782, İstanbul.
  • Zarkada - Fraser, A. - Küskü, F.- Fraser, C. (1999), "Can Corporate Citizenship Measures Culturally Transferable? " Australia and New Zealand International Business Academy, Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Conference of the Australia-New Zealand International Business Academy, 30 September-2 October 1999, p. 286-298.
  • Zwetsloot, G. I. J. M. (2003), "From Management Systems* to Corporate Social Responsibility", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 44, No: 2/3, p. 201-207.