Dilek DEĞİRMENCİ, Kunter Birhan MARASALI

Üzümlerde çekirdeksizlik ve ıslah amaçlı kullanımı

Sofralık ve kurutmalık üzümlerde çekirdeksizlik öncelikli aranan özelliklerden birisidir. Dünya pazarlarında tüketilen kuru üzümün tamamına yakını çekirdeksiz kuru üzüme ait olup, özellikle sofralık üzüm ticaretinde çekirdeksiz çeşitlere olan talep yıldan yıla artış göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, sofralık tüketimine uygun çekirdeksiz ve iri taneli üzüm çeşitlerinin elde edilmesi bağcılıkta ıslah çalışmalarının önemli amaçlarından birisini oluşturmaktadır. Sofralık üzüm ıslahının esasını oluşturan stenospermokarpik çekirdeksiz üzümlerin elde edilmesinde izlenilen geleneksel metot çekirdekli x çekirdeksiz melezlemeleridir. Ancak izlenen bu klasik ıslah yöntemleri ile döllerde düşük oranda çekirdeksizliğin görülmesi nedeniyle embriyo kültürü tekniklerinin uygulamada başarı ile kullanılması sonucu çekirdeksiz x çekirdeksiz melezlemeleri ile döllerde elde edilen çekirdeksizlik oranı artmıştır. Islah programlarında, yeni çekirdeksiz çeşitlerin geliştirilmesine yönelik son yıllarda embriyo kültürü çalışmaları ile beraber in vivo büyümeyi düzenleyici maddelerin kullanımı sonucu abortif tohum taslaklarının yaşatılması yönünde önemli bir gelişme sağlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Vitis vinifera, ıslah, melezleme ıslahı, embriyo kültürü, giberellik asit, çekirdeksizlik, üzüm

Seedlessness in grapes and its use for breeding

Seedlessness in table and raisin grapes is one of the most desired properties. Almost the entire amount of raisin grapes consumed in the world are seedless and demand for seedless cultivars particularly among table grapes is increasing. Therefore, one of the most important aspects of grapevine breeding is to develop seedless and large berries table grape cultivars. The conventional way of generating stenospermocarpic seedless grapes, basics of table grape breeding, is hybridisation between seededxseedless. However, rate of seedlessness among these hybrids is low, using this conventional breeding technique therefore, the rate of seedlessness among these hybrids is increased by using embryo culture techniques in vitro. Recently, together with embryo culture techniques, the use of growth regulators in vivo has also been successful for the rescue of abortive integuments in breeding programs associated with the development of new seedless cultivars.

Keywords:

Vitis vinifera, breeding, crossbreeding, embryo culture, gibberellic acid, seedlessness, grapes,

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