Serap CESUR, Seda BİLEK, Arzu YALÇIN MELİKOĞLU

Tarımsal Atıklardan Selüloz Nanokristallerinin Eldesi, Karakteristik Özellikleri ve Uygulama Alanları

Selüloz nanokristalleri 5-70 nm çapında, 100 nm ile birkaç mikrometre boyutunda, kristallik derecesi yüksek, çubukşeklinde parçacıklar olup, lignoselülozik hammadde kaynaklarından elde edilmektedir. Son yıllarda selüloznanokristallerinin eldesinde, tarım ürünlerinin işlenmesi sırasında ortaya çıkan kök, sap, saman, yaprak ve kabuk vb.atıkların lignoselülozik hammadde kaynağı olarak kullanımının ekonomik ve çevresel nedenlerden dolayı hızkazandığı görülmektedir. Mısır koçanı, şeker kamışı küspesi, pirinç ve buğday samanı vb. tarımsal atıklardan selüloznanokristallerinin eldesi; (i) ön işlemler-yıkama, öğütme (ii) saflaştırma (hemiselüloz ve ligninin uzaklaştırılması) ve safselüloz liflerinin eldesi, (iii) kimyasallarla muamele-asit hidrolizi olmak üzere üç temel adımda gerçekleştirilmektedir.Selüloz nanokristallerin karakteristik özelliklerinin elde edildiği bitkinin türüne, ekstraksiyon koşullarına bağlı olarakdeğiştiği bilinmektedir. Selüloz nanokristalleri kompozit malzemelerin üretiminde sentetik takviye ajanlarına alternatif,malzemenin mekaniksel ve bariyer özelliklerinin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayan, doğada kendiliğinden bozunan,yenilenebilir bir malzemedir. Bu nedenle gıda ambalaj sektörü, otomotiv ve ilaçbilim başta olmak üzere, endüstrininbirçok dalındaki uygulamalar için sürdürülebilir ve çevre dostu bir malzeme olarak hizmet eder. Bu makalede; tarımsalürünlerden selüloz nanokristallerinin eldesi, hammadde kaynağının karakterizasyon özelliklerine etkisi veuygulamalarının incelendiği çalışmalar incelenmiştir.

Production of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Agricultural Waste, Their Characteristics and Application Areas

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) are rod-shaped particles with a high degree of crystallinity that can be measured from 100 nm up to several micrometers, and can have a diameter of between 5 to 70 nm. CNs can be obtained from lignocellulosic raw materials. In recent years, agricultural wastes such as roots, stems, straw, leaf and skin of agricultural products have been used as a lignocellulosic raw material source for the production of CNs. New sources have been significantly increased due to the economic and environmental reasons. The production of CNs from agricultural waste such as corn cob, bagasse, rice and wheat straw, etc. is carried out mostly in three main steps: (i) pretreatment – washing, milling, (ii) purification – the removal of hemicellulose and lignin, and the isolation of pure cellulose fibers, and (iii) chemical treatment (acid hydrolysis). The properties of CNs vary depending on their source and extraction conditions. CNs are edible and self-degradable, and can be used as an alternative to synthetic reinforcing agents in the production of composite materials, while also contributing to the improvement of the mechanical and barrier properties of materials. Therefore, they can be served as a sustainable and environmentally friendly material for various applications in a large number of industrial areas such as food packaging, automobile and pharmaceuticals. In this article, the production of CNs from agricultural products, the effect of raw material sources on the properties of CNs and their applications in different areas are investigated.

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