Basınçlı Çözgen Ekstraksiyonu ve Gıda Sanayiindeki Uygulamaları

Basınçlı çözgen ekstraksiyonu (BÇE), yüksek sıcaklık ve basınç altındaki çözgenlerin kullanılmasıyla katı ve yarı katı numunelerden hedef bileşenin ekstraksiyonu amacıyla geliştirilen tekniklerden bir tanesidir. Analitlerin ekstraksiyonunda sıklıkla kullanılan Soxhlet, perkolasyon ve buhar destilasyonu gibi klasik ekstrasiyon sistemlerinin dezavantajlarından dolayı ortaya atılan alternatif bir yöntemdir. Ekstraksiyon süresinin kısa olması, az çözgen gereksiniminin bulunması, otomasyona uygunluk ve su dahil pek çok çözgenin kullanımına imkan sağlaması sistemin önde gelen avantajlarındandır. Gıda sanayinde BÇE tekniğinden, numunelerden pestisit, PAH, esansiyel yağ, mikotoksin, polifenol ve antibiyotik gibi pek çok bileşenin ekstraksiyonunu sağlama amacıyla faydalanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ekstraksiyonda alternatif bir yöntem olan BÇE tekniği ve gıda sanayindeki uygulama alanları irdelenmiştir.

Pressurised Solvent Extraction and Food Industry Applications

Pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) is one of the techniques used for the extraction of target compound from solid or semi-solid matrixes by using solvents at high temperature and pressure. It is newly developed alternative technique due to disadvantages of classic extraction systems like Soxhlet, percolation and steam distillation. The short extraction time, less solvent requirement, conformity to automation and enabling to the use of many solvents including water are main advantages of this system. In food industry, PSE technique is used for extraction of pesticide, PAH, essential oil, mycotoxin, polyphenol and antibiotic from food samples. This review presents PSE technique, alternative extraction method, and its food industry applications.

PDF

___

Benthin, B., Danz, H., Hamburger, M., 1999. Pressurized liquid extraction of medicinal plants. Journal of Chromatography A 837: 211-219.
Anonymous, 2013. Extraction (chemistry). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry) (Access online: 28.06.2013).
Carabias-Martinez, R., Rodriguez-Gonzalo, E., Revilla-Ruiz, P., Hernandez-Mendez, J., 2005. Pressurized liquid extraction in the analysis of food and biological samples. Journal of Chromatography A 1089:1-17.
Tobiszewski, M., Mechlinska, A., Zygmunt, B., Namiesnik, J., 2009. Green analytical chemistry in sample preparation for determination of trace organic pollutants. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 28(8): 943-951.
Pronyk, C., Mazza, G., 2009. Design and scale-up of pressurized fluid extractors for food and bioproducts. Journal of Food Engineering 95: 215- 226.
Giergielewicz-Mozajska, H., Dabrowsi, L., Namiesnik, J., 2001. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) in the analysis of environmental solid samples-some aspect of theory and practice. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 31(3): 149- 165.
Wang, L., Weller, C.L., 2006. Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends in Food Science and Technology 17: 300-312.
Richter, B.E., 2000. Extraction of hydrocarbon contamination from soils using accelerated solvent extraction. Journal of Chromatography A 874(2): 217-224.
Wijngaard, H., Hossain, M.B., Rai, D.K., Brunton, N., 2012. Techniques to extract bioactive compounds from food by-products of plant origin Food Research International 46: 505-513.
Ramos, L., Kristenson, E.M., Brinkman, U.A.T., 2002. Current use of pressurised liquid extraction and subcritical water extraction in environmental analysis. Journal of Chromatography. A 975: 3-29.
Richter, B.E., Jones, B.A., Ezzell, J.L., Porter, N.L., Andalovic, N., Pohl, C., 1996. Accelerated solvent extraction: a technology for sample preparation. Analytical Chemistry 68: 1033-1039.
Herrero, M., Castro-Puyana, M., Mendiola, A.J., Ibanez, E., 2013. Compressed fluids for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 43: 67-83.
Yang, Y., Hawthorne, S.B., Miller, D.J., 1997. Class-selective extraction of polar, moderately and non-polar organic pollutants from solid waste using subcritical water. Environmental Science and Technology 31(2): 430-437.
Lou, X., Miller, D.J., Hawthorne, S.B., 2000. Static subcritical water extraction combined with anion exchange disk sorption for determining chlorinated acid herbicides in soil. Analytical Chemistry 72: 481-488.
Crescenzi, C., Di Corcia, A., Nazzari, M., Samperi, R., 2000. Hot phosphate buffered water extraction coupled on-line with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for analyzing contaminants in soil. Analytical Chemistry 72(14): 3050-3055.
Hawthorne, S.B., Yang, Y., Miller, D.J., 1994. Extraction of organic pollutants from environmental solids with sub- and supercritical water. Analytical Chemistry 66: 2912-2910.
Hawthorne, S.B., Grabanski, C.B., Martin, E., Miller, D.J., 2000. Comparisons of Soxhlet extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and subcritical water extraction for environmental solids: recovery, selectivity and effects on sample matrix. Journal of Chromatography A 892(1-2): 421-433.
Buldini, P.L., Ricci, L., Sharma, J.L., 2002. R ecent applications of sample preparation techniques in food analysis. Journal of Chromatography A 975: 47-70.
Bautz, H., Polzer, J., Stieglitz, L., 1998. Comparision of pressurized liquid extraction with soxhelet extraction for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from fly ash and environmental matrices. Journal of Chromatography A, 815: 231- 241.
Mendiola, J.A., Herrero, M., Cifuentes, A., Ibanez, E., 2007. Use of compressed fluids for sample preparation: food applications. Journal of Chromatography A 1152: 234-246.
Kaufmann, B., Christen, P., 2002. Recent extraction techniques for natural products: microwave- assisted extraction and pressurised solvent extraction. Phytochemical Analysis 13: 105-113.
Mustafa, A., Turner, C., 2011. Pressurized liquid extraction as a green approach in food and herbal plants extraction:a review. Analytica Chimica Acta 703: 8-18.
Sun, H., Ge, X., Lv, Y., Wang, A., 2012. Application of accelerated solvent extraction in the analysis of organic contaminants, bioactive and nutritional compounds in food and feed. Journal of Chromatography A 1237: 1- 23.
Moreno, E., Reza, J., Trejo, A., 2007. Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil using water under subcritical conditions. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 27: 239-260.
Kronholm, J., Hartonen, K., Riekkola, M.L., 2007. Analytical extractions with water at elevated temperatures and pressures. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 26(5): 396-412.
Rovio, S., Hartonen,K., Holm, Y., Hiltunen, R., Riekkola, M.L., 1999. Extraction of clove using pressurized hot water. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 14: 399-404.
Sporring, S., Björklund, E., 2004. Selective pressurized liquid extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls from fat containing food and feed samples: influence of cell dimensions, solvent type, temperature and flush volume. Journal of Chromatography A 1040: 155-161.
Çam, M., Hışıl, Y., 2010. Pressurised water extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate peels. Food Chemistry 123: 878-885.
Herrero, M., Temirzoda, T.N., Segura-Carretero, A., Quirantes, R., Plaza, M., Iba?ez, E., 2011. New possibilities for the valorization of olive oil byproducts. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218:7511-7520.
Hata, S., Wiboonsirikul, J., Maeda, A., Kimura, Y., Adachi, S., 2008. Extraction of defatted rice bran by subcritical water treatment. Biochemical Engineering Journal 40: 44-53.
Dionex Corporation, 2013. Accelerated Solvent Extraction http://www.vertex.es/portal/ docs/dionex/C_DIONEX_ASE.pdf (Access online: 27.06.2013). Summary.
Bustamante-Rangel, M., M.M., Sánchez-Pérez, A., Carabias -Martìnez, R.., 2007. Determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in cereals by pressurized liquid extraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 587: 216-221.
Ozel, Z..M., Gogus, F., Lewis, A.C., 2003. Subcritical water extraction of essential oils from Thymbra spicata. Food Chemistry 82: 381-386.
Ziegenhals, K., Jira, W., Speer, K., 2008. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in various types of tea. European Food Research Technology 228: 83- 91.
Carretero, V., Blasco, C., Pico, Y., 2008. Multi - class determination of antimicrobials in meat by pressurized chromatography-tandem Journal of Chromatography A 1209: 162-173. spectrometry. mass
Eikani, M.H., Golmohammad, F., Rowshanzamir, S., 2007. Subcritical water extraction of essential oils from coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum L.). Journal of Food Engineering 80: 735-740.
Juan, C., González, L., Soriano, J.M., Moltó, J.C., Mañes, J., 2005. Accelerated solvent extraction of ochratoxin a from rice samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 9348-9351.
Lüthie, K., Hyötyläinen, T., Rautiainen-Rämä, M., Riekkola, M.L., 2004. Pressurised hot water extraction-microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction coupled on-line with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the analysis of pesticides in grapes. Analyst 130(1): 52-8.