Çiğ Süt Örneklerinin Mikrobiyolojik Kalitesi ve Gıda Patojenlerinin MALTI-TOF MS ile Tiplendirilmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Bu çalışma, Giresun'da pazarlarda satılan çiğ inek sütü örneklerinin mikrobiyolojik kalitesini belirlemek ve gıda patojenlerini araştırmak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örnekler, toplam mezofilik aerobik bakteri, toplam psikrotrof aerobik bakteri, koliform grubu bakteri, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, laktik asit bakterileri, maya ve küf, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter spp. yönünden Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual ve International Organization for Standardization yöntemlerine göre incelenmiştir. İzole edilen patojenlerin identifikasyonları, Matriks aracılı lazer dezorpsiyon, iyonizasyon uçuş zamanı kütle spektrometresi ile yapılmıştır. Çiğ inek sütü örneklerinde belirlenen mikroorganizma kolonilerinin ortalama değerleri sırasıyla; toplam mezofilik aerobik bakteri sayısı 93 örnekte 5.87 log kob/ml; toplam psikrotrof aerobik bakteri sayısı 95 örnekte 5.69 log kob/ml; koliform sayısı 12 örnekte 4.85 log kob/ml; Enterobacteriaceae sayısı 18 örnekte 4.84 log kob/ml; Micrococcus/Staphylococcus sayısı 94 örnekte 5.17 log kob/ml; laktik asit bakteri sayısı, 97 örnekte 5.54 log kob/ml ve maya-küf sayısı 73 örnekte 5.16 log kob/ml olarak bulunmuştur. Listeria monocytogenes ve Escherichia coli, 100 çiğ inek sütü örneğinde sırasıyla 6 (%6) ve 34 (%34) olarak bulunmuştur. Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157: H7 ve Bacillus cereus saptanmamıştır. Sonuç olarak; araştırmada incelenen çiğ inek sütü örneklerinde, istatistiki olarak önemli düzeyde, insan sağlığını tehdit eden bakterilerin varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu durumun düzeltilmesi için, üretici, tüketici ve denetleyici kurumlar bazında benzer daha çok sayıda çalışmaların yapılarak kamuoyuna duyurulması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

süt, mikrobiyolojik kalite, gıda patojenleri, MALDI-TOF MS

A Survey of Raw Milk For Microbiological Quality and Typing of Foodborne Pathogens by MALDI-TOF MS

This study was conducted in order to determine microbiological quality of raw cow milk samples sold in public markets and to investigate foodborne pathogens in Giresun. The samples were examined for total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total psychrotroph aerobic bacteria, coliform, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and mold, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter spp. according to Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual and International Organization for Standardization methods. Identification of the isolated pathogens was made with Matrix-assisted laser desorption, ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. The mean values of microorganism colonies detected in raw cow milk samples were as follows: total mesophilic aerobic bacteria count 5.87 log cfu/ml in 93 samples; total psychrotroph aerobic bacteria count 5.69 log cfu/ml in 95 samples; coliform count 4.85 log cfu/ml in 12 samples; Enterobacteriaceae count 4.84 log cfu/ml in 18 samples; Micrococcus/Staphylococcus count 5.17 log cfu/ml in 94 samples; lactic acid bacteria count 5.54 log cfu/ml in 97 samples, and yeast and mold 5.16 log cfu/ml in 73 samples. Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli were found as 6 (6%) and 34 (34%) in 100 raw cow milk samples respectively. Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Bacillus cereus were not detected. As a result; a statistically significant presence of bacteria threatening human health was detected in the raw cow milk samples examined. In order to resolve this problem, it is thought that further similar studies should be conducted on the basis of procuders, consumers and supervisory institutions.

Keywords:

milk, microbiological quality, food pathogens, MALDI-TOF MS,

PDF

___

Adugna M, Asresie AA (2015) Review on microbiological quality of Ethiopian raw bovine milk. Food Sci. Qual. Man. 35:17–24.
Akan E, Yerlikaya O, Kınık Ö (2014) Psikrotrof Bakterilerin Çiğ Süt ve Süt Ürünleri Kalitesine Etkisi. Akademik Gıda 12(4): 68-78.
Anonymous (2009), Turkish Food Codex, Raw Milk and Heat Treated Drinking Milk Communiqué. Communiqué no 2009/14.
American Public Health Association (1995), Standarts Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products. American Public Health Association: New York.
American Public Health Association, APHA (2001) Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, American Public Health Assoc.: Washington, D.C.
Belbachir C, Khamri M, Saalaoui E (2015) Microbiological quality of the raw cow milk at three rural communes of the eastern region of Morocco. Inter. Food Rese. J. l22 (4): 1675-1680.
Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S. (2005) Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet 366: 749-762.
Bogdanovičova K, Vyletělova-Klimešova M, Babak V, Kalhotka L, Kolačkova I, Karpiškova R (2016) Microbiological quality of raw milk in the Czech Republic. Czech J. Food Sci. 34:1–8.
Cempíriková R (2007) Contamination of cow’s milk by psychrotrophic and mesophilic microflora in relation to selected factor. Czech Journal of Animal Science 52:378-393.
Chye FYF, Abdullah A, Ayob MK (2004) Bacteriological quality and safety of raw milk in Malaysia. Food Microbiol 21:535-541.
Costa D, Vinue L, Poeta P, Coelho AC, Matos M, Saenz Y, Somalo S, Zarazaga M, Rodrigues J, Torres C (2009) Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates in faecal samples of broilers. Veterinary Microbiology, 138: 339–344.
De Boer E, Heuvelink AE (2000) Methods for detection and isolation of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 88: 133-43.
Diler A, Baran A (2014) Determination Of Some Quality Characteristics of Raw Cow Milk on Smallholder Dairy Farms in Hinis District of. Alınteri 26(B) :18-24.
El-Diasty Eman M, El-Kaseh RM (20099 Microbiological monitoring of raw milk and yoghurt samples collected from El-Beida city. Arab J. Biotech. 12(1): 57-64.
FDA (2002) Food and Drug Administration, Bacteriological Analytical Manual. 9th Ed., AOAC International: Arlington, VA, USA.
Fadaei A (2014) Bacteriological quality of raw cow milk in Shahrekord, Iran. Veterinary World 7 (4): 240-243.
Griffiths MW (2010) The microbiological safety of raw milk. In Griffiths MW (eds.), Improving the Safety and Quality of Milk.Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 27-63.
Göncü B, Çelikel A, Akın MB, Akın MS (2017) A Research on the Determination of Chemical and Microbiological Properties of Street Milk Sold in Şanlıurfa. HU J. of Eng. 02:15-23.
Halkman K (2005) Gıda mikrobiyolojisi uygulamaları. Başak Matbaacılık Ltd. Şti: Ankara, Turkey.
Harrigan WF, Mccance ME (1976) Laboratory Methods in Food and Dairy Microbiology. Academic Press Inc. Ltd., London.
Ibrahim GA, Sharaf OM, Abd El-Khalek AB (2015) Microbiological quality of commercial raw milk, domiati cheese and kareish cheese. Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences 5(1): 171–176.
Ibtisam E, El Zubeir M, Ahmed Mahbora IA (2007) The hygienic quality of raw milk produced by some dairy farms in Khartoum State. Sudan Research Journal of Microbiology 2:988–991.
ISO/FDIS 15214 (1998) Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal method for the enumeration of mesophilic lactic acid bacteria- Colony count technique at 30 _C. International Organization for Standardization: Genova, Switzerland.
ISO 4832 (2006) Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs -- Horizontal method for the enumeration of coliforms -- Colony-count technique, International Organization for Standardization: Genova, Switzerland, 2006; pp. 1-6.
ISO 21527-1 (2008) Microbiology of the food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of yeasts and moulds - Part 1: Colony-count technique in products with water activity greater than 0,95, International Organization for Standardization: Genova, Switzerland.
ISO 7932 (2009) Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs -- Horizontal method for the enumeration of presumptive Bacillus cereus -- Colony-count technique at 30 degrees C. International Organization for Standardization: Genova, Switzerland.
ISO 4833-2 (2013) Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms - Part 2: Colony count at 30 degrees C by the surface plating technique. International Organization for Standardization: Genova, Switzerland.
ISO 21528-2 (2017) Microbiology of the food chain -- Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae -- Part 2: Colony-count technique. International Organization for Standardization: Genova, Switzerland.
ISO 6579-1 (2017) Microbiology of the food chain -- Horizontal method for the detection, enumeration and serotyping of Salmonella -- Part 1: Detection of Salmonella spp. International Organization for Standardization: Genova, Switzerland.
ISO 11290-2 (2017) Microbiology of the food chain — Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes and of Listeria spp. — Part 2: Enumeration method. International Organization for Standardization: Genova, Switzerland.
ISO 10272-1 (2017) Microbiology of the food chain -- Horizontal method for the detection, enumeration of Campylobacter spp. -- Part 1: Detection method. International Organization for Standardization: Genova, Switzerland.
Karmen GT, Slavica GT (2008) The Microbiological Quality of Raw Milk after introducing the two Day's milk collecting system. Acta agriculturae Slovenica 92(1): 61-74.
Kesenkaş H, Akbulut N (2010) Determination of milk quality produced from middle and large scale dairy farms and informal/street milk quality sold in izmir. Ege Üniv Ziraat Fak Derg 47 (2):161-169.
Kul E, Erdem H, Atasever S (2006) Effect of Different Udder Traits on Mastitis and Somatic Cell Count Dairy Cows. J. of Fac. of Agric.OMU 21(3): 350-356.
McSweeney, P.L.H.; Fox, P.F.; Cotter, P.D.; Everett, D.W. Cheese, Fourth edition; Elsevier Academic Press: London, United Kingdom, 2017; 1-1302.
Mesfine S, Feyera T, Mohammed O (2015) Microbiological Quality of Raw Cow’s Milk from Four Dairy Farms in Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia. World J. Dairy Food Sci. 10(1): 09-14.
O'Sullivan O, Cotter PD (2017) Microbiota of Raw Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses. In McSweeney PLH, Fox PF, Cotter PD, Everett DW (eds.), Cheese, Elsevier Academic Press, London, United Kingdom, 301-316.
Önal AR, Özder M (2007) Trakya’da Özel Bir Süt İşleme Tesisi Tarafından Değerlendirilen Çiğ Sütlerin Somatik Hücre Sayısı ve Bazı Bileşenlerinin Tespiti. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fak. Derg. 4 (2): 195-199.
Rahman MM, Mashiar Rahman M, Arafat SM, Rahman A, Khan MZH, Rahman MS (2008) Microbiological Quality Assessment of a Local Milk Product, Kwacha Golla, of Bangladesh. J.Korean Soc.Appl.Biol.Chem. 51 (4):251-257.
Raj JM, Kumar A, Bhattacharya A, Rekha VBA (2010) Study on Microbial Quality of Raw and Pasteurized Milk Sold in Puducherry, India. J. Vet. Pub. Hlth. 8(2):121-125.
Reta AM, Addis AH (2015) Microbiological quality assessment of raw and pasteurized milk. Int. J. Food Sci. Microbiol. 2(6):87-91.
Rychert J, Burnham CA, Bythrow M, Garner OB, Ginocchio CC, Jennemann R (2013) Multicenter evaluation of the Vitek MS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry system for identification of Gram positive aerobic bacteria. J Clin Microbiol. 51: 2225–31.
Seyoum ET, Woldetsadik DA, Mekonen TK, Gezahegn HA, Gebreyes WA (2015) Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw bovine milk and milk products from central highlands of Ethiopia. J. Infect Dev. Ctries. 9: 1204-1209.
Şanlıbaba P, Tezel BU (2018) Prevalence and Characterization of Listeria Species from Raw Milk and Dairy Products from Çanakkale Province. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6(1): 61-64.
Tadesse G, Solomon GS (2003) Assessment of the bacteriological quality of milk at dairy farms and individual breeders in Jimma town, South western Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Science 13(1): 21-29.
Tankoano A, Kabore D, Savadogo A, Soma A, Fogny NF, Sereme DC, Hounhouigan JD, Lingani HS, (2016) Evaluation of microbiological quality of raw milk, sour milk and artisanal yoghurt from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Afr J Microbiol Res. 10(16):535–541.
Tasci F (2011) Microbiological and chemical properties of raw milk consumed in Burdur. J. Vet. Adva. 10:635-641.
Torkar KG, Teger SG (2008) The microbiological quality of raw milk after introducing the two day's milk collecting system. Acta Agri Slovenica. 92(1):61–74.
Uddin MA, Motazzim-ul-Haque HM, Noor R (2011) Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. in Raw Milk Samples Collected from Different Areas of Dhaka City. Bangladesh Md. Stamford Journal of Microbiology 1(1): 19- 23.
Wanjala GW, Mathooko FM, Kutima PM, Mathara JM Microbiological quality and safety of raw and pasteurized milk marketed in and around Nairobi region. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Developement 17 (1): 11518-11532.
Welearegay H, Yilma Z, Tekle-Giorgis Y (2012) Hygienic practices and microbiological quality of raw milk produced under different farm size in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Agricultural Research and Reviews 1(4):132-142.
Zeinhom MMA, Abdel-Latef GK (2014) Public health risk of some milk borne pathogens. BeniSuef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 3(3): 209–215.