Seligman'dan İyi Oluşa Farklı Bir Bakış: PERMA Modeli

Psikoloji bilimi daha çok hastalıkları ve sorunları giderme üzerine çalışırken özelikle son zamanlarda pozitif psikoloji yaklaşımıyla birlikte yönünü olumlu özelliklere dönmeye başlamıştır. Doyum, umut gibi olumlu yönler üzerine çalışan pozitif psikolojinin araştırma konularından birisi de iyi oluştur. Pozitif psikoloji yaklaşımının öncüsü olan Seligman, psikolojiye yeni bir bakış açısı sunduğu gibi iyi oluşu açıklamak için de farklı bir model önermiştir. Seligman’ın PERMA modeli olumlu duygular, bağlanma, olumlu ilişkiler, anlam ve başarı bileşenlerinden oluşmaktadır. İyi oluş modeldeki tek bir bileşenle açıklanamamakta, onların her birinin iyi oluşa katkı sağladığı beş bileşenden oluşan bir yapıyı ifade etmektedir. PERMA modeli, sahip olduğu çok boyutlu yapıyla iyi oluşun daha kapsamlı şekilde ele alınmasını sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Seligman’ın iyi oluş kavramı üzerine geliştirdiği PERMA modelinin açıklanmasıdır. Bu amaçla ilk olarak Seligman’ın öncülüğünü yaptığı pozitif psikoloji yaklaşımının tarihsel gelişimi ele alınmış ve iyi oluş kavramı üzerinde durulmuştur. Ardından PERMA modeli açıklanmış ve konuyla ilgili değerlendirmelere yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Seligman, PERMA modeli, iyi oluş, pozitif psikoloji

A Different Perspective from Seligman on Well-Being: The PERMA Model

While psychology has been working on eliminating diseases and problems, it has recently started to work on positive features with effect of positive psychology approach. One of the research topics of positive psychology, which works on positive aspects such as satisfaction and hope, is well-being. Seligman, the pioneer of the positive psychology approach, offered a new perspective to psychology and proposed a different model to explain well-being. Seligman's PERMA model consists of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning and accomplishment components. Well-being cannot be explained by a single component of the model, it refers to a structure consisting of five components, each of which contributes to well-being. The PERMA model, with its multidimensional structure, provides a more comprehensive approach to well-being. The aim of this study is to explain the PERMA model developed by Seligman on the concept of well-being. For this purpose, firstly, the historical development of the positive psychology approach pioneered by Seligman was discussed and the concept of well-being was examined. Subsequently, the PERMA model was explained and evaluations on the subject was presented.

Keywords:

Seligman, PERMA model, well-being, positive psychology,

PDF

___

BUTLER, J. ve KERN, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1-48.
BREY, P. (2012). Well-being in philosophy, psychology, and economics. P. BREY, A. BRIGGLE ve E. SPENCE (Ed.), The good life in a technological age (s. 15-34) içinde. Routledge.
CHASE, P. A., HILLIARD, L. J., GELDHOF, G. J., WARREN, D. J. ve LERNER, R. M. (2014). Academic achievement in the high school years: the changing role of school engagement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(6), 884-896.
COFFEY, J. K., WRAY-LAKE, L., MASHEK, D. ve BRANAND, B. (2014). A multi-study examination of well being theory in college and community samples. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(1), 187-211.
COHN, M. A. ve FREDRICKSON, B. L. (2009). Positive emotions. S. J. LOPEZ ve C. R. SNYDER (Ed.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2. Baskı, s. 13-24) içinde. Oxford University Press.
COHN, M. A., FREDRICKSON, B. L., BROWN, S. L., MIKELS, J. A. ve CONWAY, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361-368.
CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper and Row.
DEMİRCİ, İ. (2021). Pozitif psikoloji temelli perma grupla psikolojik danışma uygulamasının üniversite öğrencilerinin iyi oluşlarına etkisi: Bir pilot çalışma. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 453-466.
DEMİRCİ, İ. ve EKŞİ, F. (2015). Ergenler için beş boyutlu iyi oluş modeli: EPOCH Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(3), 9-30.
DEMİRCİ, İ., EKŞİ, H., DİNÇER, D. ve KARDAŞ, S. (2017). Beş boyutlu iyi oluş modeli: PERMA Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 5(1), 60-77.
DIENER, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3). 542-575.
DIENER, E. D., EMMONS, R. A., LARSEN, R. J. ve GRIFFIN, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
DIENER, E. ve LUCAS, R. E. (1999). 11 personality and subjective well-being. D. KAHNEMAN, E. DIENER ve N. SCHWARZ (Ed.), Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology (s. 213-229) içinde. Russel Sage Foundation.
DIENER, E., SUH, E. M., LUCAS, R. E. ve SMITH, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.
van DOREN, N., THARP, J. A., JOHNSON, S. L., STAUDENMAIER, P. J., ANDERSON, C. ve FREEMAN, M. A. (2019). Perseverance of effort is related to lower depressive symptoms via authentic pride and perceived power. Personality and Individual Differences, 137, 45-49.
ELİÜŞÜK BÜLBÜL, A. (2018). Adaptation of the PERMA Well-being Scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability studies. Educational Research and Reviews, 13(4), 129-135.
FORGEARD, M. J. C., JAYAWICKREME, E., KERN, M. ve SELIGMAN, M. E. P. (2011). Doing the right thing: Measuring wellbeing for public policy. International Journal of Wellbeing, 1(1), 79-106.
FREDRICKSON, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1-53.
FREDRICKSON, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden and build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.
FREDICKSON, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions?. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300-319.
GABLE, S. L. ve HAIDT, J. (2005). What (and why) is positive psychology?. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 103-110.
GANDER, F., PROYER, R. T. ve RUCH, W. (2016). Positive psychology interventions addressing pleasure, engagement, meaning, positive relationships, and accomplishment increase well-being and ameliorate depressive symptoms: A randomized, placebo-controlled online study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 686-697.
HIGGINS, E. T. (2006). Value from hedonic experience and engagement. Psychological Review, 113(3), 439-460.
KEÇECİ, B. (2020). Pozitif psikoloji, kuramsal gelişime bir bakış. D. ÜMMET (Ed.), Tüm kavram ve yaklaşımlarıyla pozitif psikoloji (s. 1-14) içinde. Pegem Akademi.
KERN, M. L. (2022). PERMAH: A useful model for focusing on wellbeing in schools. K. A. ALLEN, M. J. FURLONG, S. VELLA-BRODRICK ve S. M. SULDO (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology in schools (3. Baskı) içinde. Routledge.
KERN, M. L., BENSON, L., STEINBERG, E. A. ve STEINBERG, L. (2016). The EPOCH measure of adolescent well-being. Psychological Assessment, 28(5), 586-597.
KEYES, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 121-140.
KEYES, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207-222.
KHAW, D. ve KERN, M. L. (2015). A cross-cultural comparison of the PERMA model of well-being. Undergraduate Journal of Psychology at Berkeley, 8(1), 10-23.
KUN, Á., BALOGH, P. ve KRASZ, K. G. (2017). Development of the work-related well-being questionnaire based on Seligman’s PERMA model. Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences, 25(1), 56-63.
KUYUMCU, B. (2013). The Predictive power of university students’ positive-negative moods in their psychological well-being. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 6(1), 62-76.
LAMBERT, L., PASSMORE, H. A. ve JOSHANLOO, M. (2019). A positive psychology intervention program in a culturally-diverse university: Boosting happiness and reducing fear. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(4), 1141-1162.
LINLEY, P. A. (2009) Positive psychology (history). S. LOPEZ (Ed.), The encyclopedia of positive psychology (s. 742-746) içinde. Wiley-Blackwell.
LINLEY, P. A., JOSEPH, S., HARRINGTON, S. ve WOOD, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 3-16.
LOMAS, T. ve IVTZAN, I. (2016). Second wave positive psychology: Exploring the positive-negative dialectics of wellbeing. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(4), 1753 1768.
LUCAS, R. E. ve DYRENFORTH, P. S. (2006). Does the existence of social relationships matter for subjective well-being? K. D. VOHS ve E. J. FINKEL (Ed.), Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes (s. 254-273) içinde. The Guilford Press.
MACHELL, K. A., KASHDAN, T. B., SHORT, J. L. ve NEZLEK, J. B. (2015). Relationships between meaning in life, social and achievement events, and positive and negative affect in daily life. Journal of Personality, 83(3), 287-298.
MAGALETTA, P. R. ve OLIVER, J. M. (1999). The hope construct, will, and ways: Their relations with self efficacy, optimism, and general well‐being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(5), 539-551.
MALKOÇ, A. ve YALÇIN, İ. (2015). Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik dayanıklılık, sosyal destek, başa çıkma ve iyi-oluş arasındaki ilişkiler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(43), 35-53.
MASLOW, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper.
MASLOW, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. Van Nostrand.
NEUMEIER, L. M., BROOK, L., DITCHBURN, G. ve SCKOPKE, P. (2017). Delivering your daily dose of well-being to the workplace: A randomized controlled trial of an online well-being programme for employees. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(4), 555-573.
PARK, N., PETERSON, C. ve RUCH, W. (2009). Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction in twenty-seven nations. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(4), 273-279.
PEZIRKIANIDIS, C., STALIKAS, A., LAKIOTI, A. ve YOTSIDI, V. (2019). Validating a multidimensional measure of wellbeing in Greece: Translation, factor structure, and measurement invariance of the PERMA Profiler. Current Psychology, 40(6), 3030-3047.
RYFF, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
RYFF, C. D. ve KEYES, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727.
RYAN, R. M. ve DECI, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
SAPMAZ, F. ve DOĞAN, T. (2012). İyimserliğin mutluluk ve yaşam doyumuna etkisinin incelenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(3), 63-69.
SCHUELLER, S. M. ve SELIGMAN, M. E. (2010). Pursuit of pleasure, engagement, and meaning: Relationships to subjective and objective measures of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 253-263.
SCHWARTZ, S. (1996). Value priorities and behavior: Applying a theory of integrated value systems. C. SELIGMAN, J. M. OLSON ve M. P. ZANNA (Ed.), The psychology of values: The ontario symposium, volume 8 (s. 1-24) içinde. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
SCORSOLINI-COMIN, F., FONTAINE, A. M. G. V., KOLLER, S. H. ve SANTOS, M. A. D. (2013). From authentic happiness to well-being: The flourishing of positive psychology. Psicologia: Refexão e Crítica, 26(4), 663-670.
SEGRIN, C. ve TAYLOR, M. (2007). Positive interpersonal relationships mediate the association between social skills and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(4), 637-646.
SELIGMAN, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 333-335.
SELIGMAN, M. E. (2012). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being (2. Baskı). Random House.
SELIGMAN, M. E. (2002). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. C. R. SNYDER ve S. J. LOPEZ (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology (s. 3-9) içinde. Oxford University Press.
SELIGMAN, M. E. P. ve CSIKSZENTMİHALYI, M. (2000). Positive psychology. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.
SELIGMAN, M. E., PARKS, A. C. ve STEEN, T. (2004). A balanced psychology and a full life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359, 1379-1381.
SHELDON, K. M. ve KING, S. L. (2010). Why positive psychology is necessary. American Psychologist, 56(3), 216-217.
STEGER, M. F. (2018). Meaning and well-being. E. DIENER, S. OISHI ve L. TAY (Ed.), Handbook of well-being içinde. DEF Publishers.
TIAN, G., WANG, J., ZHANG, Z. ve WEN, Y. (2019). Self-efficacy and work performance: The role of work engagement. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 47(12), 1-7.
TOV, W. (2018). Well-being concepts and components. E. DIENER, S. OISHI ve L. TAY (Ed.), Handbook of well-being içinde. DEF Publishers.
UYSAL, B., ÖZKUL, S., MORGÜL, E., ve EREN, S. (2021). Koronavirüs salgın sürecinde uluslararası üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik pozitif psikoloji temelli çevrimiçi müdahale programının etkinliği. Talim: Journal of Education in Muslim Societies and Communities, 5(1), 50-64.
VÁZQUEZ, C., HERVÁS, G., RAHONA, J. J. ve GOMEZ, D. (2009). Psychological well being and health. Contributions of positive psychology. Annuary of Clinical and Health Psychology, 5(2009), 15-27.
WAMMERL, M., JAUNIG, J., MAIRUNTEREGGER, T. ve STREIT, P. (2019). The German version of the PERMA-Profiler: Evidence for construct and convergent validity of the PERMA theory of well-being in German speaking countries. Journal of Well-Being Assessment, 3(2), 75-96.
WONG, P. T. P. (2011). Positive psychology 2.0: Towards a balanced interactive model of the good life. Canadian Psychology, 52(2), 69-81.
WONG, P. T. P. ve ROY, S. (2018). Critique of positive psychology and positive interventions. N. J. L. BROWN, T. LOMAS ve F. J. EIROA-ORASA (Ed.), The Routledge international handbook of critical positive psychology (s. 142-160) içinde. Routledge.
YALÇIN, İ. (2014). İyi oluş ve sosyal destek arasındaki ilişkiler: Türkiye’de yapılmış çalışmaların meta analizi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26(1), 21-32.
YAHYAGİL, M. Y. (2015). Values, feelings, job satisfaction and well-being: The turkish case. Management Decision, 53(10), 2268-2286.