Hygienic Quality Features in Baby Formulas, Follow-On Formulas, and Some Supplementary Foods

Hygienic Quality Features in Baby Formulas, Follow-On Formulas, and Some Supplementary Foods

In this study, baby formulas, follow-on formulas, cereal-based supplementary foods, fruit purees, vegetable purees, menus and mixtures, rice pudding and milk pudding, snacks, and beverages were investigated to determine the presence of various pathogenic bacteria and their hygienic qualities. The antibiotic resistance of isolates was determined by disc diffusion method. In the samples examined, Enterobacteriaceae, coliform, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, mold, and yeast contamination levels were found to be 42.96%, 0.74%, 2.22%, 0.74%, 23.70%, and 2.96%, respectively. The presence of Pantoea spp. (2.96%), Klebsiella pneumonia (5.19%), Enterobacter cloacae (0.74%), Serratia plymuthica (0.74%), Sphingomonas paucimobilis (0.74%), Bacillus pumilus (0.74%),Staphylococcus hominis (2.96%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (2.96%),Enterococcus casseliflavus (2.96%), and Enterococcus faecium (0.74%) was also found in analyzed samples. Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, E. coli, Cronobacter sakazakii, and sulfitereducing anaerobic bacteria were not found in any sample. Pantoea spp., K. pneumonia, E. cloacae, S. paucimobilis, B. cereus, S. hominis, and S. epidermidis isolates showed multiple resistance to three or more antibiotics. The determination of multiple antibiotic resistance in some isolates with the presence of pathogen and potential pathogenic bacteria was found to be important in terms of public health.

___

  • AbdAlhussen, L. S., & Darweesh, M. F. (2016). Prevelance and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Pantoea spp. isolated form clinical and environmental sources in Iraq. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 9(8), 430–437.
  • Abdullah Sani, N., Hartantyo, S. H. P., & Forsythe, S. J. (2013). Microbiological assessment and evaluation of rehydration ınstructions on powdered ınfant formulas, follow up formulas, and infant foods in Malaysia. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(1), 1–8. [CrossRef]
  • Bacteriological Analytical Manual. (2001). FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration). FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
  • Bahceci, T., Cakmak Sancar, B., & Ozpinar, H. (2018). The research of the microbiological quality of foods used in infant nutrition. Aydın Gastronomy, 2(1), 15–20.
  • Baylis, C., Uyttendaele, M., Joosten, H., & Davies, A. (2011). The Enterobacteriaceae and their significance to the food industry. International Life Sciences Institute Report Series, 1–48.
  • Borsa, B. A., Aldağ, M. E., Tunalı, B., Dİnç, U., Güngördü Dalar, Z., & Özalp, V. C. (2016). A sepsis case caused by a rare opportunistic pathogen: Bacillus pumilus. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni, 50(3), 466–470. [CrossRef]
  • Bulut, C., Yetkin, M. A., Tekin Koruk, S., Erdinç, F. Ş., & Alp Karakoç, E. (2008). A rare cause of nosocomial bacteremia: Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni, 42, 685–688.
  • Cava Gümüş, P. (2015). Investigation of extended spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae and Cronobacter spp. infant formulas and cereal-based infant formulas [Master’s thesis, Istanbul Aydın University, Istanbul-Turkey]. ScholarWorks: http://95.183.203.22/xmlui/handle/11363/586.
  • Chap, J., Jackson, P., Siqueira, R., Gaspar, N., Quintas, C., Park, J., Osaili, T., Shaker, R., Jaradat, Z., Hartantyo, S. H. P., Abdullah Sani, N., Estuningsih, S., & Forsythe, S. J. (2009). International survey of Cronobacter sakazakiiand other Cronobacter spp. in follow up formulas and infant foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 136(2), 185–188. [CrossRef]
  • Citak, S., Gundogan, N., & Kala, E. (2009). Evaluation of coliform and Enterococcus as fecal indicator bacteria in frozen meat and vegetables in Ankara. Turkish Bulletin of Hygiene and Experimental Biology, 66(4), 145–151.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2017). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (27th ed). PA: CLSI Supplement M100.
  • Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). (2008). Code of hygienic practice for powdered formulae for infants and young children. CAC/RCP, 66, 1–29. Retrieved from www.fao.org/input/download/standards/.../CXP_066e.pdf.
  • Cunha, M.dL.R.dS.d, Peresi, E., Calsolari, R. A. O., & Araújo Júnior, J. P. (2006).
  • Detection of enterotoxins genes in coagulase negative Staphylococci isolated from foods. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 37(1), 70–74. [CrossRef]
  • Ergun, F., & Ergun, O. (1994). A study in general and microbiological quality of local and imported infant food formulae presented for consumption in our country and investigation for the presence of certain pathogenes. Gıda, 19(6), 373–376.
  • Ergun, O., Aksu, H., Arun, O. O., & Colak, H. (2002). Investigation on presentation of some important food poisoning microorganism in baby and child infant food formulas. Gıda, 27(4), 253–257.
  • Estuningsih, S., Kress, C., Hassan, A. A., Akıneden, Ö., Schneider, E., & Usleber, E. (2006). Enterobacteriaceae in dehydrated powdered infant formula manufactured in Indonesia and Malaysia. Journal of Food Protection, 69(12), 3013–3017. [CrossRef]
  • Gomes, B. C., Esteves, C. T., Palazzo, I. C. V., Darini, A. L. C., Felis, G. E., Sechi, L. A., Franco, B. D. G. M., & De Martinis, E. C. P. (2008). Prevalence and characterization of Enterococcus spp. isolated from Brazilian foods. Food Microbiology, 25(5), 668–675. [CrossRef]
  • Gupta, M., Mishra, A. K., & Singh, S. K. (2018). Cryptococcus laurentii fungemia in a low birth weight preterm neonate: India. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 11(6), 896–897. [CrossRef]
  • Harrigan, W. F. (1998). Laboratory methods in food microbiology (3th ed). San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Henson, S. P., Boinett, C. J., Ellington, M. J., Kagia, N., Mwarumba, S., Nyongesa, S., Mturi, N., Kariuki, S., Scott, J., Thomson, N. R., & Morpeth, S. C. (2017). Molecular epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae invasive infections over a decade at Kilifi County Hospital in Kenya. International Journal of Medical Microbiology: IJMM, 307(7), 422–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.07.006.
  • Heperkan, D., Dalkilic-Kaya, G., & Juneja, V. K. (2017). Cronobacter sakazakii in baby foods and baby food ingredients of dairy origin and microbiological profile of positive samples. LWT, 75, 402–407. [CrossRef]
  • Houdt, R., Moons, P., Jansen, A., Vanoirbeek, K., & Michiels, C. W. (2005). Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of a biofilm forming Serratia plymuthica isolate from a raw vegetable processing line. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 246(2), 265–272. [CrossRef]
  • ISO 16649-2. (2001). Horizontal method for the enumeration of β – Glucuronidase positive E. coli – Colony count technique at 44°C using. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization of Standardization.
  • ISO 16654. (2001). Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the detection of Escherichia coli O157. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
  • ISO 21528-2. (2017). Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae. Part 2: Colony count technique. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization of standardization.
  • ISO 7932. (2004). Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-horizontal method for the enumeration of presumptive Bacillus cereus – Colony count technique at 30 degrees. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
  • ISO 22964. (2017). Microbiology of the food chain – Horizontal method for the detection of Cronobacter spp. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
  • Iversen, C., & Forsythe, S. (2004). Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enterobacteriaceae from powdered infant formula and related products. Food Microbiology, 21(6), 771–777. [CrossRef]
  • Kim, S. A., Oh, S. W., Lee, Y. M., Imm, J. Y., Hwang, I. G., Kang, D. H., & Rhee, M. S. (2011). Microbial contamination of food products consumed by infants and babies in Korea. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 53(5), 532–538. [CrossRef]
  • Kucukcetin, A., & Milci, S. (2008). Food poisonings by cheese contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. Gıda, 33(3), 129–135.
  • Mengeloğlu, F. Z., & Terzi, H. A. (2011). Susceptibility profile in Staphylococcus hominis isolates. Flora Dergisi, 16(3), 103–106.
  • Muytjens, H. L., Roelofs-Willemse, H., & Jaspar, G. H. J. (1988). Quality of powdered substitutes for breast milk with regard to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26(4), 743–746. [CrossRef]
  • Nazik, S., Kandilcik, H., Sahin, A. R., Kahraman, H., & Ates, S. (2018). Evaluation of a case of lung abscess. Balikesir Medical Journal, 2(3), 165–169.
  • Otto, M. (2009). Staphylococcus epidermidis – The “accidental” pathogen. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7(8), 555–567. [CrossRef]
  • Rahimi, E., Abdos, F., Momtaz, H., Torki Baghbadorani, Z. T., & Jalali, M. (2013). Bacillus cereus in infant foods: Prevalence study and distribution of enterotoxigenic virulence factors in Isfahan Province, Iran. Scientific World Journal, 2013, 292571. [CrossRef]
  • Reid, K. C., Cockerill, F. R., & Patel, R. (2001). Clinical and epidemiological features of Enterococcus casseliflavus/flavescens and Enterococcus gallinarum bacteremia: A report of 20 cases. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32(11), 1540–1546. [CrossRef]
  • Riboldi, G. P., Frazzon, J., d’Azevedo, P. A., & Frazzon, A. P. G. (2009). Antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterococcus spp. isolated from food in Southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 40(1), 125–128. [CrossRef]
  • Rowan, N. J., Anderson, J. G., & Anderton, A. (1997). Bacteriological quality of infant milk formulae examined under a variety of preparation and storage conditions. Journal of Food Protection, 60(9), 1089–1094. [CrossRef]
  • Sadek, Z. I., Abdel-Rahman, M. A., Azab, M. S., Darwesh, O. M., & Hassan, M. S. (2018). Microbiological evaluation of infant foods quality and molecular detection of Bacillus cereus toxins relating genes. Toxicology Reports, 5, 871–877. [CrossRef]
  • Sezer, C., Vatansever, L., & Bilge, N. (2015). The microbiological quality of infant milk and follow - on formula. Van Veterinary Journal, 26(1), 31–34. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/vanvetj/issue/ 23561/251020.
  • Shadlia-Matug, M., Aidoo, K. E., Candlish, A. A., & Elgerbi, A. M. (2008). Evaluation of some antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria isolated from infant foods in North Africa. Open Food Science Journal, 2(1), 95–101. [CrossRef]
  • Shaker, R., Osaili, T., Al-Omary, W., Jaradat, Z., & Al-Zuby, M. (2007) Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enterobacter sp. from food and food production environments. Food Control, 18(10), 1241–1245. [CrossRef]
  • Shivamurthy, V. M., Gantt, S., Reilly, C., Tilley, P., Guzman, J., & Tucker, L. (2016). Bacillus pumilus septic arthritis in a healthy child. The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien Des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Medicale, 2016, 3265037. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3265037.
  • Siwakoti, S., Sah, R., Rajbhandari, R. S., & Khanal, B. (2018). Pantoea agglomerans infections in children: Report of two cases. Case Reports in Pediatrics, 2018, 4158734. [CrossRef]
  • Speck, M. L. (1976). Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods. Washington DC: American Public Health Association.
  • TFC (2007). Turkish food codex regulation on supplementary foods for infants and young children. Date-number 01.11.2007-26687, Regulation no, 2007/50. Ankara-Turkey: Republic of Turkey Official Newspaper.
  • TFC (2011). Turkish food codex regulation on microbiological criteria. Datenumber: 29.12.2011-28157, Ankara-Turkey: Republic of Turkey Official Newspaper.
  • TFC (2014a). Turkish food codex regulation on baby formulas. Date: 15.08.2014, no: 29089. Regulation no: 2014/31, Ankara-Turkey: Republic of Turkey Official Newspaper.
  • TFC (2014b). Turkish Food Codex Regulation on Follow on Formulas. Date-number: 15.08.2014-29089. Regulation no: 2014/32, Ankara-Turkey: Republic of Turkey Official Newspaper.
  • Tokatlı, N. (2009). Determination some microbiological properties, present Enterobacter sakazakii and composition in infant formula producted different formulation. [Master’s thesis, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag-Turkey.
  • TS EN ISO 11290-1. (1997). Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes. Part 1: Detection method. Ankara: Turkish Standardization Institute.
  • TS EN ISO 4833-2. (2014). Microbiology of the food chain – Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms – Part 2: Colony count at 30 degrees by the surface plating technique. Ankara: Turkish Standardization Institute.
  • TSE EN ISO 6579. (2005). Microbiolgy of food and animal feeding stuffs – Horizontal method for detection of Salmonella spp. Ankara: Turkish Standardization Institute.
  • TSI. (2014). Classification of statistical region units and births by month. Turkish Statistical Institute Bulletin. No: 16048, 16 Nisan 2014. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri .do?id=16048.
  • Umoh, V. J., Obawede, K. S., & Umoh, J. U. (1985). Contamination of infant powdered milk in use with enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus. Food Microbiology, 2(4), 255–261. [CrossRef]
  • Wang, X., Meng, J., Zhang, J., Zhou, T., Zhang, Y., Yang, B., Xi, M., & Xia, X. (2012). Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from powdered infant formula milk and infant rice cereal in China. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 153(1–2), 142–147. [CrossRef]
  • Xin, G., Yinping, D., Shaofei, Y., Yujie, H., Fanning, S., Jiahui, W., & Fengqin, L. (2018). Contamination and characterization of multiple pathogens in powdered formula at retail collected between 2014 and 2015 in China. Food Control, 87, 40–45. [CrossRef]
  • Yao, K., N’guessan, K. F., Zinzendorf, N. Y., Kouassi, K. A., Kouassi, K. C., Loukou, Y. G., & Kouamé, P. L. (2016). Isolation and characterization of Cronobacter spp. from indigenous infant flours sold in public health care centres with in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Food Control, 62, 224–230. [CrossRef]
  • Zhou, X., Gao, J., Huang, Y., Fu, S., & Chen, H. (2011). Antibiotic resistance pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter sakazakii isolates from powdered infant formula. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(19), 3073–3077
Acta Veterinaria Eurasia-Cover
  • ISSN: 2618-639X
  • Başlangıç: 1975
  • Yayıncı: İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Arcobacter spp. Isolates from Meats, Meat Products, and Giblets

İbrahim Halil YILDIRIM, Hüsnü Şahan GÜRAN, Mehmet Emin ERKAN, Simten YEŞİLMEN, Aydın VURAL

Clinical Efficacy of Enrofloxacin HCl-2H2O (ENRO-C) in a Sheep Leptospirosis Outbreak

Jesus MENDOZA, Luis OCAMPO, Lilia GUTIERREZ, Hector SUMANO

Determination of Hepatitis E Virus in Sheep and Cattle by Serological and Molecular Methods DNA Sequences Analysis

Mustafa ATASEVER, Fadime TONBAK

Preliminary Data on the Suitability of Alkaline Phosphatase Use as Pasteurization Indicator for Donkey Milk

Eleni MALISSIOVA, Athanasios MANOURAS, Maria ALEXANDRAKI

Pharmacokinetics of Difloxacin in Probiotics-Treated Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Infected Chickens

Ashraf DARWISH, Hend Fouad MOHAMED, Atef MOHAMED, Attia Hassan ATTA

Molecular Detection of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus from Dromedary Camels Illegally Transferred to Iran

Zahra ZIAFATIKAFI, Fahimehsadat SEYEDASGARI, Hamideh NAJAFI, Masoud HASHEMZADEH, Leila AGHAEEAN, Arash GHALYANCHILANGEROUD, Laleh MOAZEMİ-GOUDARZI

Partial Substitution of Barley by Destoned Olive-Waste Cake on Reproductive Performances in Ram

Naima HADJAB, Hamza RAHAB, Redouane AISSOUS, Karim BENHENIA, Boubakeur SAFSAF

Hygienic Quality Features in Baby Formulas, Follow-On Formulas, and Some Supplementary Foods

Emine GENÇ, Aydın VURAL

Nano-emulsion Formulation of Lambda - Cyhalothrin Preparation Technique, Characterization, and Larvicidal Activity

Eman E. ELSHARKAWY, Mahmoud Abd EL-NASSER, Doha YAHIA, Gamal S. ZAYED, Aliaa A. BAKHEET

Humerus Fracture Treatment in a Raccoon After Dog Attack

Ebuderda GÜNAY, Yusuf ALTUNDAĞ, Serhat ÖZSOY