Bitki Sekonder Metabolitlerinin Sağlık Üzerine Fonksiyonel Etkileri

Fenolik bileşikler, terpenler-steroidler, alkaloidler ve kükürtlü bileşikler olmak üzere genel olarak dört grupta sınıflandırılan sekonder bileşiklerin bazı türlerinin antiinflamatuar, hipoglisemik, hipolipidemik ve antioksidan etki göstermesi, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ve kansere karşı koruyucu olması ve sağlık üzerine farklı birtakım olumlu etkileri bulunması dolayısıyla tıp ve eczacılık için büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bazı fenolik bileşiklerin lipoproteinlerin oksidasyonunu önleyerek, hipokolesterolemik etki göstererek, aterosklerozis riskini azaltarak, platelet agregasyonunu inhibe ederek, vasküler fonksiyonu iyileştirerek, inflamasyon ve oksidatif strese karşı koruyarak kardiyoprotektif etki gösterdiği, kükürtlü bileşikler ve flavonoidler gibi bazı sekonder bileşiklerin ise diyabete bağlı olarak görülen hiperglisemi ve bozulmuş lipid profiline karşı yararlı etkilerinin bulunduğu ve bu sayede diyabetik nöropati, diyabetik nefropati, diyabetik retinopatiye karşı koruyucu olabileceği belirtilmiştir. Bazı fenolik bileşikler ve alkaloidlerin de DNA’ya karsinojen bağlanmasını inhibe ederek, oksidatif DNA hasarına karşı koruyarak, malign dönüşümün inhibisyonuna yol açan değiştirilmiş hücre sinyallemesini normalize ederek, kanser hücresinin büyümesini ve metastatik potansiyelini inhibe ederek antikarsinojenik etki gösterdiği belirtilmiştir. Biyoreaktör teknolojisinin gelişimi ile daha fazla sayıda sekonder metabolit keşfedilmiş ve bu sayede ilaç yapımında bitki sekonder metabolitleri daha fazla kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Fakat yalnızca hastalıkların tedavisinde değil, sağlığın sürdürülmesi ve hastalıklara karşı korunmada da etkili olan sekonder metabolitlerin ekstrakte ve nutrasötik formlarından ziyade meyve ve sebzelerle birlikte doğal formlarının alınması daha yararlı olabilmektedir. Hastalıklara ilişkin tıbbi beslenme önerilerinde de fonksiyonel etkinliği bilinen sekonder metabolitlerin yoğun bulunduğu sebze ve meyvelerin önerilmesiyle hastalığın klinik seyri iyileştirilebilir. Farklı sekonder metabolitlerin hastalıklara karşı fonksiyonel etkinliğinin değerlendirileceği çalışmalar hastaya ve hastalığa özgü tıbbi beslenme önerileri açısından da yararlı olabilir

Functional Effects of Plant Secondary Metabolites On Health

Some types of secondary compounds, which are generally classified into 4 groups as phenolic compounds, terpenes-steroids, alkaloids and organosulfur compounds are critical for both medicine and pharmacy since they show anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects, have protective effects against cardiovascular diseases and cancer and have a variety of positive effects on health. It has been revealed that some phenolic compounds have cardioprotective effects by inhibiting the oxidation of lipoproteins, exhibiting hypocholesterolemic effect, reducing atherosclerosis risk, inhibiting platelet aggregation, improving vascular function, protecting the metabolism against inflammation and oxidative stress. Besides, some secondary compounds such as sulfurous compounds and flavonoids have beneficial effects on diabetes-related hyperglycemia and abnormal lipid profile and consequently, may be protective against diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. Some phenolic compounds and alkaloids have also been shown to demonstrate the anticarcinogenic activity by inhibiting carcinogenesis to DNA, having a protective effect against oxidative DNA damage, normalizing altered cell signaling leading to inhibition of malignant transformation, and inhibiting the growth and metastatic potential of cancer cells. A greater number of secondary metabolites have been discovered thanks to the development of bioreactor technology and the use of plant secondary metabolites has begun to be used more in drug production. However, rather than extract and nutraceutical forms of secondary metabolites, which are effective not only in the treatment of the diseases but also maintaining health and avoiding diseases, it may be more beneficial to consume natural forms of them with fruits and vegetables. The clinical course of a disease can be improved by recommending vegetables and fruits which are rich in secondary metabolites, whose functional activity is known in the medical nutritional recommendations for diseases. Studies evaluating the functional efficacy of different secondary metabolites against diseases may also be useful in terms of patient and disease-specific medical nutrition recommendations

Keywords:

Secondary compounds, phenolic compounds, terpenes-steroids alkaloids, organosulfur compounds,

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