Determination of the Effect of Salt Stress on Germination, Biochemical and Antioxidant Defense Systems in Linas Safflower Seeds

In this study, the germination and early seedling growth, biochemical and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, POD, and APX) of one-year, broad-leaved Linas safflower belonging to the Compositeae family were investigated at different salt concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM). With increasing salt concentration, a 68.83% decrease in seedling length, 71% in stem length, 34% in germination rate, and 77% in fresh plant weight were determined. In addition, total phenolic content (267%), total flavonoid content (904%), CAT (462%), SOD (56%), POD (100%), and APX (381%) antioxidant enzyme activities were increased in parallel with the salt concentration. In addition, it was determined that as the salt stress increased, the water-soluble protein content decreased by 48%. In the study, it was determined that the seeds were relatively resistant to 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl salt concentrations, and germination continued. As a result, it has been understood once again that our country has been feeling a negative impact lately, and the determination of alternative plants for growing oily plants has gained more importance in these days. Safflower, which is one of these plants, is a strategically important species both in terms of its oil content and being a source of biodiesel. This study carried out in this context will be a resource for our farmers regarding future studies on safflower seeds and which salt concentrations can be used for cultivation.

Keywords:

Safflower, Salt stress, Antioxidant enzymes Germination, Total phenolic content,

PDF

___

Abbasi, G., H., Akhtar, J., Anwar-ul-Haq, M., Ali, S., Chen, Z., & Malik, W. (2014). Exogenous potassium differentially mitigates salt stress in tolerant and sensitive maize hybrids. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 46(1), 135-146.
Abbasi, G. H., Akhtar, J., Anwar-ul-Haq, M., Malik, W., Ali, S., Chen, Z. H., & Zhang, G. (2015). Morpho-physiological and micrographic characterization of maize hybrids under NaCl and Cd stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 75(1), 115-122.
Ahmad, P., Jaleel, C. A., & Sharma, S. (2010). Antioxidant defense system, lipid peroxidation, proline-metabolizing enzymes, and biochemical activities in two Morus alba genotypes subjected to NaCl stress. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 57, 509–517.
Altaf, M. A., Shahid, R., Ren, M. X., Altaf, M. M., Khan, L. U., Shahid, S., & Jahan, M. S. (2021). Melatonin alleviates salt damage in tomato seedling: A root architecture system photosynthetic capacity ion homeostasis and antioxidant enzymes analysis. Scientia Horticulturae, 285, 110145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110145
Apel, K., & Hirt, H. (2004). Reactive oxygen species: Metabolism oxidative stress and signal transduction. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 55, 373-399. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701
Aydin, İ., & Atıcı, Ö. (2015). Tuz stresinin bazı kültür bitkilerinde çimlenme ve fide gelişimi üzerine etkileri. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 3(2), 1-15.
Bahadorkhah, F., & Kazemeini, S. A. (2014). Effect of salinity and sowing method on yield component and oil content of two cultivars of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Pizhühishhayi Zirai İran, 12(2), 264-272.
Beers, R. F., & Sizer, I. W. (1952). A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 195(1), 133-140. Bor, M., Özdemir, F., & Türkan, I. (2003). The effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation and antioksidants in leaves of sugar Beet vulgaris L. and wild beet Beta maritima L. Plant Science, 164(1), 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00338-2
Bozcuk, S. (1989). Bazı kültür bitkileri tohumlarının çimlenmesinde tuz ve kinetin etkileşimi. Turkish Journal of Botany, 14, 139-149.
Day, S., & Uzun, S. (2016). Farklı tuz konsantrasyonlarının yaygın fiğ (Vicia sativa L.) çeşitlerinin çimlenme ve ilk gelişim dönemlerine etkileri. Türk Tarım-Gıda Bilim ve Teknolojisi Dergisi, 4, 636-641.
Demir, İ., & Demir, K. (1992). Farklı tuz konsantrasyonlarının beş değişik fasulye çeşidinde çimlenme çıkış ve fide gelişimi üzerine etkileri GAP 1. Sebze Tarımı Sempozyumu Şanlıurfa 335-342. Dogan, M. (2008). Farkli domates tohumlarinin çimlenmesi üzerine tuz stresinin etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, 3(2), 174-182.
Dutta, P., & Bera, A. K. (2014). Effect of NaCl Salinity on seed germination and seedling growth of mungbean cultivars. Legume Research-An International Journal, 37(2), 161164. https://doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-0571.37.2.024
Eryilmaz, T., Cesur, C.. Yeşilyurt, M., & Aydın, E. (2014). Fuel properties of biodiesel produced from balci variety oil of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.). International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 3(2), 74-78. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.88859
Farhangi-Abriz, S., & Torabian, S. (2017). Antioxidant enzyme and osmotic adjustment changes in bean seedlings as affected by biochar under salt stress. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 137, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.029
Flowers, T. J., & Yeo, A. R. (1995). Breeding for salinity resistance in crop plants: Where next? Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22, 875-884.
Flowers, T. J., Troke, P. F., & Yeo, A. R. (1977). The Mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 28, 89-121. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.28.060177.000513
Foyer, C. H., & Noctor, G. (2005). Redox homeostasis and antioxidant signaling: A metabolic interface between stress perception and physiological responses. The Plant Cell, 17(7), 1866-1875. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.105.033589
Foyer, C. H., Descourvieres, P., & Kunert, K. J. (1994). Protection against oxygen radicals: An important defence mechanism studied in transgenic plants. Plant Cell & Environment, 17(5), 507-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00146.x
García‐Caparrós, P., Hasanuzzaman, M., & Lao, M. T. (2019). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in plants under salinity. Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants: Production, Metabolism, Signaling and Defense Mechanisms, 291-309.
Garratt, L. C., Janagoudar, B. S., Lowe, K. C., Anthony, P., Power, J. B., & Davey, M. R. (2002). Salinity tolerance and antioxidant status in cotton cultures. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 33(4), 502-511.
Glenn, E. P., & O'Leary, J. W. (1985). Productivity and irrigation requirements of halophytes grown with seawater in the Sonoran Desert. Journal of Arid Environments, 9(1), 81-91.
Greenway, H., & Munns, R. (1980). Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 31(1), 149-190.
Hartree, E. F. (1972). Determination of protein: A modification of the lowry method that gives a linear photometric response. Analytical Biochemistry, 48(2), 422-427.
Horie, T., Karahara, I., & Katsuhara, M. (2012). Salinity tolerance mechanisms in glycophytes: An overview with the central focus on rice plants. Rice, 5(1), 1-18.
Huang, P., He, L., Abbas, A., Hussain, S., Hussain, S., Du, D., & Saqib, M. (2021). Seed priming with sorghum water extract improves the performance of camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) crantz.) under salt stress. Plants, 10(4), 749. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040749
Jaleel, C. A., Gopi, R., Manivannan, P., & Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Antioxidative potentials as a protective mechanism in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. plants under salinity stress. Turkish Journal of Botany, 31(3), 245-251.
Jiang, T., Jahangir, M. M., Jiang, Z., Lu, X., & Ying, T. (2010). Influence of UV-C treatment on antioxidant capacity, antioxidant enzyme activity and texture of postharvest shiitake (Lentinus edodes) mushrooms during storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 56(3), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2010.01.011
Keskin, A. (2017). Pamuk yağı biyodizeli-eurodizel karışımlarının tam yükte yanma performans ve emisyonlara etkisinin deneysel olarak incelenmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(2), 797-809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2010.01.011
Khan, M. (1998). Germination of the salt tolerant shrub Suaeda fruticosa from Pakistan: Salinity and temperature responses. Seed Science and Technology, 26, 657-667.
Król, A., Amarowicz, R., & Weidner, S. (2014). Changes in the composition of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of grapevine roots and leaves (Vitis vinifera L.) under continuous of long-term drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 36(6), 1491-1499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1526-8
Kurtulus, M. (2020). Bazı aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) çeşitlerinde farklı tuz konsantrasyonlarının çimlenme ve çıkış üzerine etkisi. Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarla Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 78s.
Kusvuran, Ş., Ellialtıoğlu, S. S., Talhouni, M., Sonmez, K. E. N. A. N., & Kıran, S. (2014, September). Effects of salt and drought stresses on physiological and biochemical changes in callus tissues of melon cultivars. In VI Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes 1142 (pp. 239-246). https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1142.37
Kuscu, H., Caygaracı, A., & Ndayizeye, J. D. D. (2018). Tuz stresinin bazı kinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) çeşitlerinin çimlenme özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(1), 89-99.
Li, W., Chen, M., Wang, E., Hu, L., Hawkesford, M. J., Zhong, L., & Ma, Y. (2016). Genome-wide analysis of autophagy-associated genes in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) and characterization of the function of SiATG8a in conferring tolerance to nitrogen starvation in rice. BMC Genomics, 17(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3113-4
Li, (2009). Physiological responses of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum) to salt stress. Modern Applied Science, 3(3),171. Liu, S., Guo, X., Feng, G., Maimaitiaili, B., Fan, J., & He, X. (2016). Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can alleviate salt stress and promote growth of cotton and maize in saline fields. Plant and Soil, 398(1), 195-206.
Maia, J. M., Costa de Macedo, C. E., Voigt, E. L., Freitas, J. B. S., & Silveira, J. A. G. (2010). Antioxidative enzymatic protection in leaves of two contrasting cowpea cultivars under salinity. Biologia Plantarum, 54(1), 159-163.
Mehr, Z. S., Khajeh, H., Bahabadi, S. E., & Sabbagh, S. K. (2012). Changes on proline, phenolic compounds and activity of antioxidant enzymes in Anethum graveolens L. under salt stress. International Journal of Plant Production, 3, 710-715.
Mittler, R., Vanderauwera, S., Gollery, M., & Van Breusegem, F. (2004). Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends in Plant Science, 9(10), 490-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2004.08.009
Munns, R., Greenway, H., & Kirst, G. O. (1983). Halotolerant eukaryotes. In Physiological Plant Ecology III (pp. 59-135). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Munns, R., Husain, S., Rivelli, A. R., James, R. A., Condon, A. G., Lindsay, M. P., & Hare, R. A. (2002). Avenues for increasing salt tolerance of crops, and the role of physiologically based selection traits. In Progress in plant nutrition: plenary lectures of the XIV İnternational Plant Nutrition Colloquium (pp. 93-105). Springer, Dordrecht.
Naczk, M., & Shahidi, F. (2004). Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food. Journal of chromatography A, 1054(1-2), 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.059
Nakano, Y., & Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology, 22(5), 867-880. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076232
Nedjimi, B. (2013). Effect of of salinity and temperature on germination Lygeum spartum. Agricultural Research, 2(4), 340-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-013-0084-4
Oral, E., Altuner, F., Tunçtürk, R., & Tunçtürk, M. (2019). The impact of salt (NaCl) stress on germination characteristics of gibberellic acid pretreated wheat (Triticum Durum Desf.) seeds. Applied Ecology And Environmental Research, 17(5), 12057-12071. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1705_1205712071
Parida, A. K., & Das, A. B. (2005). Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60(3), 324-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.06.010
Pérez-Pérez, M. E., Lemaire, S. D., & Crespo, J. L. (2012). Reactive oxygen species and autophagy in plants and algae. Plant Physiology, 160(1), 156-164. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.199992
Radi, R., Turrens, J. F., Chang, L. Y., Bush, K. M., Crapo, J. D., & Freeman, B. A. (1991). Detection of catalase in rat heart mitochondria. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266(32), 22028-22034. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54740-2
Rhoades, J. D. (1990). Salinity in irrigated agriculture. American Society of Civil Engineers, Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, 1089-1142.
Shah, T., Latif, S., Saeed, F., Ali, I., Ullah, S., Alsahli, A. A., & Ahmad, P. (2021). Seed priming with titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhances seed vigor, leaf water status, and antioxidant enzyme activities in maize (Zea mays L.) under salinity stress. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 33(1), 101207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.10.004
Shangguan, L., Fang, X., Chen, L., Cui, L., & Fang, J. (2018). Genome-wide analysis of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in grapevine and plant tolerance to copper stress. Planta, 247(6), 1449-1463.
Sharma, I., Bhardwaj, R., & Pati, P. K. (2013). Stress modulation response of 24-epibrassinolide against imidacloprid in an elite indica rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 105(2), 144-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.01.004
Singleton, V. L., & Rossi, J. A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3), 144-158.
Su, T., Li, X., Yang, M., Shao, Q., Zhao, Y., Ma, C., & Wang, P. (2020). Autophagy: an intracellular degradation pathway regulating plant survival and stress response. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00164
Szabolcs, I. (1987). global problems of salt-affected soils. Acta Agronomica Hungarica.
Toprak, T., & Tunçtürk, R. (2018). Farklı aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) çeşitlerinin gelişim performansları üzerine tuz stresinin etkisi. Doğu Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 44-50.
Turhan, H., & Ayaz, C. (2004). Effect of salinity on seedling emergence and growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars. International Journal of Agriculture Biology, 6(1), 149-152.
Türkhan, A., Kaya, E. D., Serdar, S. A. R. I., Tohumcu, F., & Özden, E. (2021). Farklı tuzluluk sınıfındaki topraklarda yetiştirilen domates tohumlarında bazı antioksidan enzim aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 11(özel sayı), 3406-3415. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1030465
Ungar, I. A. (1974). The effect of salinity and temperature on seed germination and growth of Hordeum jubatum. Canadian Journal of Botany, 52, 1357-1362.
Verma, S., & Mishra, S. N. (2005). Putrescine alleviation of growth in salt stressed Brassica juncea by inducing antioxidative defense system. Journal of plant physiology, 162(6), 669-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2004.08.008
Wang, Y., Bian, Z., Pan, T., Cao, K., & Zou, Z. (2021). Improvement of tomato salt tolerance by the regulation of photosynthetic performance and antioxidant enzyme capacity under a low red to far-red light ratio. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 167, 806-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.008
Yildirim, A. N., Şan, B., Yildirim, F., Celik, C., Bayar, B., & Karakurt, Y. (2021). Physiological and biochemical responses of almond rootstocks to drought stress. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 45(4), 522-532. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-2010-47
Yildirim, F., Meltem, E., Binici, S., Celik, C., Yildirim, A., & Karakurt, Y. (2021). Antioxidant Enzymes Activities of Walnut Nursery Trees to Drought Stress Progression. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Life Sciences, 5(2), 217-225.
Zhang, M., Fang, Y., Ji, Y., Jiang, Z., & Wang, L. (2013). Effects of salt stress on ion content, antioxidant enzymes and protein profile in different tissues of Broussonetia papyrifera. South African Journal of Botany, 85, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2012.11.005 Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., & Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64(4), 555-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
Zhou, J., Wang, J., Cheng, Y., Chi, Y. J., Fan, B., Yu, J. Q., & Chen, Z. (2013). NBR1-mediated selective autophagy targets insoluble ubiquitinated protein aggregates in plant stress responses. PLoS Genetics, 9(1), e1003196. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004477