Cumhuriyetin Yüzüncü Yılında Türkiye'nin İnsani Diplomasisinin Evrimi : Sosyal İnşacı Perspektif

Türk dış politikası, son yıllarda sadece resmi söylemlerde değil pratikte de giderek artan bir biçimde insani diplomasiye verdiği önemle tanınmaktadır. Türkiye bugün bu alanda dünyanın önde gelen insani devletleri arasında yer almaktadır. Makale, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin yüzüncü yılı münasebetiyle, sosyal inşacı bir bakış açısına vurgu yaparak bu insani diplomasinin evriminin bir analizini yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Konvansiyonel sosyal inşacı yaklaşım, geleneksel biçimiyle, siyasal gerçekçiliğin hakim olduğu dünya meselelerine, bu gerçekliği reddetmeksizin, alternatif değil, tamamlayıcı açıklamalar getirir. Bu temelde, sosyal inşacı yaklaşım, devletlerin dış politikalarının nasıl inşa edildiğini ve devletlerin rasyonel davranmasının gerekli olduğu dış maddi dünyayı nasıl algılayabildiğini daha iyi açıklamaya yardımcı olur. Metodolojik olarak makale, söylem analizi, tarihsel ve düşünsel çalışmalar gibi yapılandırmacı araçlar aracılığıyla politika çıktılarının yorumlayıcı ve tanımlayıcı bir analizini içermektedir. . Makalede, insani yardımlara dair ilgili veriler çeşitli tablo ve grafikler üzerinden analiz edilmektedir. Dış politika, bir devletin tanımlanmış ulusal çıkarlarını takip etmek, elde etmek, korumak ve geliştirmekle ilgilidir. Makale, bu bağlamda vicdan ve güç arasındaki dengeye dayanan Türk insani diplomasisinin, bu tür çıkarların sürdürülmesinde insani yaklaşımların rolünü ve önemini test etmek için iyi bir örnek olarak görülebileceğini savunmaktadır. Dış politika seçeneklerini çeşitlendirerek yumuşak güç unsurlarını daha etkin kullanmaya başlayan Türkiye, insani yardım coğrafyasını genişletmiş ve böylece söylemlerdeki realist-idealist dikotomisini aşan bir insani diplomasi perspektifi geliştirmiştir. Bu kapsamda, yukarıda belirtilen faktörlere vurgu yapan sosyal inşacılık, Türkiye'nin insani diplomasisinin daha kapsamlı ve bütüncül analizi için realist yaklaşımlara tamamlayıcı bir araç görevi görmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Türk insani diplomasisi, , dış politika, , sosyal inşacılık, , söylem analizi

The Evolution Of Turkish Humanitarian Diplomacy in The Centenary of the Republic: Constructivist Perspective

Turkish foreign policy is well known with its special emphasis on humanitarian diplomacy as increasingly witnessed in recent years not only in formal discourses, but also in practice. Türkiye stands today among the leading humanitarian states in the world. The article aims, on the occasion of the centenary of the Turkish Republic, to provide an analysis of the evolution of this humanitarian diplomacy with emphasis on a social constructivist perspective. The constructivist approach, in its conventional form, does not provide an alternative, but a complementary explanation to world affairs where political realism is dominant, without rejecting the latter. This approach helps to better explain how states' foreign policies are constructed, and how states can perceive the external material world, where states are required to act rationally Methodologically, the article follows an interpretive and descriptive analysis of the policy outputs through constructivist tools, such as discourse analysis, historical and ideational studies. In the article several relevant data is analysed as shown in the tables and charts therein. Foreign policy is all about pursuing, attaining, preserving and improving the defined national interests of a state. The article argues in this context that Turkish humanitarian diplomacy based on the balance between conscience and power can be seen as a good example to test the role and importance of humanitarian approaches in pursuing such interests. Having started to deploy soft power elements more effectively by diversifying its foreign policy options, Türkiye has expanded the geography of its humanitarian assistance and developed a humanitarian diplomacy perspective that transcends the realist-idealist dichotomy in discourses. with its emphasis on the above-mentioned factors, social constructivism acts as a complementary tool to the realist ones for a better analysis of Türkiye’s humanitarian diplomacy to make it more comprehensive and holistic.

Keywords:

Turkish humanitarian diplomacy, , foreign policy, , social constructivisim, , discourse analysis,

PDF

___

Agenda for humanity, (2023). WHS web page, Access: 10 July 2023, https://agendaforhumanity.org/summit.html
Akıllı, E. (2023). The Disaster of the Century, Relief Diplomacy, and International Solidarity, Sam Papers No. 23.
Altunisik, M.B. (2023). Humanitarian diplomacy as Turkey’s national role conception and performance: evidence from Somalia and Afghanistan, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 23(3), 657-673, DOI: 10.1080/14683857.2022.2131978
Anatolian Agency, (2023). “Çavuşoğlu: 102 ülke yardım teklifinde bulundu. 90 ülkeden arama kurtarma ve sağlık ekipleri geldi”, Access: 15 February 2023, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/asrin-felaketi/cavusoglu-102-ulke-yardim-teklifinde-bulundu-90-ulkeden-arama-kurtarma-ve-saglik-ekipleri-geldi/2829432
Aslanov, N. (2013). Diplomacy for Humanity, http://redcrescent.az/downloads/book2.pdf
Ataman, M. (2023). Earthquake diplomacy: Humane reactions to humane crisis, Daily Sabah. (February 15, 2023), https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/columns/earthquake-diplomacy-humane-reactions-to-humane-crisis
Battır, O. (2016). Türk Dış Politikası Aracı Olarak İnsani Diplomasi, PhD diss, Selçuk Üniversitesi.
Bogatyreva, O. (2022). Humanitarian Diplomacy: Modern Concepts and Approaches, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 92(14),S1349–S1366. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331622200047
Cihan-Penah(Shelter of the World), (2016). Humanitarian Diplomacy from the Ottoman Period to the Present, İstanbul: Publications of the Presidency of the State Archives, No.32.
Dışişleri Bakanının V.Büyükelçiler Konferansı Konuşması ( MFA, 2013). Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Access: 5 July 2023, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ahmet-davutoglu_nun-v_-buyukelciler-konferansinda-yaptigi-konusma_-2-ocak-2013_-ankara.tr.mfa
Dülger, K. (2017). Etkinliği Giderek Artan Yeni Bir Kavram Olarak İnsani Diplomasi Ve Bu Alanda Örnek Teşkil Eden Türkiye’nin İnsani Diplomasi Anlayışı, Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3 (2), 1-20 . DOI: 10.25272/j.2149-8539.2017.3.2.01.
Fiott, D. (2018). Humanitarian Diplomacy, In Martel, G. (Ed.), The Encyclopaedia of Diplomacy (pp.1-10), London/New Jersey: Wiley Publishers.
Gündoğdu, S. (2022). Türk Dış Politikasının İnsani Diplomasi Vizyonu ve Pratiği, Uluslararası Akademik Birikim Dergisi, 5(5), 349-35.
Hyde-price , A. (2001). Beware the Jabberwock: Security Studies in the 20th Century,
H. Gartner (et al) (Ed), Europe’s New Security Challenges, London:Lynne Rienne pub.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), Humanitarian Diplomacy Policy Document, https://www.ifrc.org/document/humanitarian-diplomacy-policy
Koronavirus Salgını Sürecindeki Rol ve Vizyonumuz, Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Access: 5 July 2023, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/koronavirus-salginindaki-rol-ve-vizyonumuz-20-04-2022.tr.mfa
Lucuta,G.M.( 2014). Peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace building and peace enforcement in the 21st century, Peace Insight Web Page, Access: 10 July 2023, https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/articles/peacemaking-peacekeeping-peacebuilding-peace-enforcement-21st-century/?location=&theme=.
Minear, L. and Smith, H. (2007). Humanitarian Diplomacy: Practitioners and Their Craft, Tokyo, United Nations Press.
Nye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, New York: Public Affairs.
Nye, J. (2017). Soft power: the origins and political progress of a concept, Palgrave Communications, 3, http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2017.8
Peaceful Resolution of Conflicts and Mediation. Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Access: 10 July 2023, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/resolution-of-conflicts-and-mediation.en.mfa
Press Release Regarding the Visit of Mr. Antonio Guterres (2015), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, to Turkey on the Occasion of the World Refugee Day. press release No: 178, 17 June 2015, Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Access: 10 July 2023, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-178_-17-june-2015_-press-release-regarding-the-visit-of-mr_-antonio-guterres_-united-nations-high-commissioner-for-refugees_-to-turkey-on-the-occasion-of-the-world-refugee-day.en.mfa
Regnier, P. (2011). The Emerging Concept of Humanitarian Diplomacy: Identification of a Community of Practice and Prospects for International Recognition, International Review of the Red Cross, 93(884), 1211-1237.
Rousseau, E. and Pende, A.S. (2020). Humanitarian Diplomacy, T. Balzacq, F.Charillon and F. Ramel (Eds.), Global Diplomacy: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 253-266.
Sazak, O., Woods, A.E. (2017). Breaking with Convention: Turkey’s New Approach to Peace building, Call, C., de Coning, C. (Eds), Rising Powers and Peace building. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60621-7_5
Şeyşane, V. And Tanrıverdi-Şeyşane, G. (2022). States as ‘Humanitarians’: The Turkish Brand of Humanitarian Diplomacy, Marmara University Journal of Political Science, 10(1), 153-178.
Smith, A.D (2001). Foreign Policy is what states make of it: Social constructivism and International Relations Theory, V. Kubalkova (Ed), Foreign Policy in a Constructed World, Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 38-55.
Turhan, Y. (2021). Turkey as an emerging donor in the development community: The Turkish-type Development Assistance Model (TDAM), Development Policy Review, 40, e12583, https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12583.
Turhan, Y.(2023). Turkish Humanitarian Assistance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Focus on Africa, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2023.2236512.
Turkey’s national position paper in WHS(2015). Access: July 2017, www.whsturkey.org.
Turkish Emergency Humanitarian Assistance, Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Access: 5 July 2023, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/humanitarian-assistance-by-turkiye.en.mfa
Türkiye’nin dost eli: insani diplomasi, (2022). Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı Yayınları, Access: 15 July 2023, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/images/uploads/dosyalar/TurkiyeninDostEliInsaniDiplomasiEN.pdf.
Türkiye’s Development Cooperation: General Characteristics And The Least Developed Countries (LDC) Aspect, Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Access: 5 July 2023, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye_s-development-cooperation.en.mfa
Ulusoy, H. (2005). A Constructivist Analysis of Turkey’s Foreign and Security Policy in the Post-Cold War Era, PhD Thesis, METU.
Ulusoy, H.(2007). One Policy Many Identities the Consistency of Turkey's Foreign Policy with Special Emphasis on Its Security Dimension in the Post-cold War Era: A Constructivist Appraisal, The ISIS Press:Istanbul.
Ulusoy, H. (2016). The First-Ever World Humanitarian Summit: Embarking on a Historic Journey for the Future of Humanity, Dış Politika-Foreign Policy, 42(1), 67-83.
Ulusoy, H. (2017). Turkey's Development-Oriented Humanitarian Policy Inspiring The Global Humanitarian System in The Post-WHS Process: New Way of Working to Transcend Development and Humanitarian Divide, Dış Politika-Foreign Policy, 43(1), 62-75.
UN NWW-UN New Way of Working, The Joint Steering Committee to Advance Humanitarian and Development Collaboration (JSC), Access: 10 July 2023, https://www.un.org/jsc/content/new-way-working.
UN Peace Keeping, Access: 10 August 2023, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/terminology Van Dijk, T.A. (1997). What is Political Discourse Analysis?, Belgian Journal of Linguistics, 11(1), 11-52.
WEF: The 20 humanitarian crises the world cannot ignore in 2023, WEF web page, Access: 5 July 2023, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/12/the-20-humanitarian-crises-the-world-cannot-ignore-in-2023-and-what-to-do-about-them/
Wodak, R. (2001). The Discourse-Historical Approach, Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 63-94.
2023 yılına girerken girişimci ve insani dış politikamız, (2022), Budgetary Address by the Minister of Foreign Affairs for 2023 at the TGNA, Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/2023-yilina-girerken-girisimci-ve-insani-dis-politikamiz.pdf