Travma ve bağımlılık sendromlarI

Alkol kullanım bozukluklarının tarihi, insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir. Alkol kullanımı belirgin zararlara yol açabilmesine karşın, birçok insanın bu kadar olumsuz tıbbi, psikolojik ve sosyal sonuçları olan bu maddeyi neden yüksek miktarda kullandıkları sorulması gereken temel sorudur. Tarihte var olduğundan bu yana alkol ve alkol dışı madde kullanımına bağlı problemler devamlı gündemde olmuştur. Bu problemler içinde en önemlilerinden birisi de travmadır. Alkol veya madde kullanım bozukluğu olanların, olmayanlara göre travmaya maruz kalma olasılıkları daha yüksektir. Kişi, bağımlı olduğu maddeye ulaşabilmek için sürekli tehlikeli durumlara girer, risk alır ve sonuç olarak pek çok fiziksel ve psikolojik travmaya maruz kalır. Alkol/madde kullanımı ve yüksek riskler taşıyan yaşam tarzları, bu kişilerin gelecekte tekrar tekrar travmaya uğramaları için zemin oluşturmaktadır. Yeni travmalar ve gelişen travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) ise alkol ve madde kullanımının daha da artmasına neden olmaktadır.

Trauma and dependency syndromes

The history of alcohol dependence is as old as the human history. The main question to ask is why people use alcohol so much while its medical, psychological and social damages are well known. The problems related to alcohol and substance usage are always taken into consideration in the history. One of the most important problems among these is trauma. The probability of being exposed to trauma is bigger for the people who have alcohol or substance dependence. People in order to get the substance which they depend always enter into dangerous positions, take risks, and consequently are exposed to different physical and psychological trauma. The alcohol dependence and high risk lifestyles provide basis to be exposed to trauma again and again. Consequently, new traumas and related posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) cause increase in alcohol and substance usage.

PDF

___

1. Keller M, McCormick M, Efron V. A Dictionary of Words About Alcohol. 2nd ed. N.J. Rutgers Univ. Center of Alcohol Studies. New Brunswick; 1982.
2. Adasal R. Ruh Hastalıkları ve Cinsel Sorunlar. Örnek Matbaası, Ankara; 1954. s.1-10.
3. Kaplan HI, Benjamin JS, Grebb JA. Kaplan and Saddock’s synopsis of Psychiatry. 7th edition. Alcohol-Related Disorders. New York; 1994. p.396-411.
4. Stacy AW, Newcomb MD, Bentler PM. Personality, problem drinking, and drunk driving: mediating, moderating, and direct-effect models. Journal of Perceptual Social Psychology 1991;60(5):795-811,
5. Soderstrom CA, Smith GS, Dischinger PC. Psychoactive substance use disorders among seriously injured travma center patients. JAMA 1997;277(22):1769-74.
6. Carroll-Ghosh T, Victor BS, Bourgeois JA. Suicide, in Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry, 4th edition. Ed by hales RE,Yudofsky SC. The American Psychiatric Publishing,Washington DC 2003;1457-83.
7. Beautrais AL, Joyce PR, Mulder RT, Fergusson DMM, Deavoll BJ, Nightingale SK. Prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders in persons making serious suicide attempts: A case-control study. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153(8):1009-1014.
8. Gomberg ESL. Suicide risk among women with alcohol problems. Am J Public Health 1989;79(10):1363-5.
9. McMillen DL, Pang MGy, Wells-Parker E, Anderson B. Alcohol, personality traits, and hig risk driving: a comporison of young, drinking driver groups. Addict Behav 1992;17(6):525-32.
10. Girgin V, Kocabıyık A. Alkollüyken Araç Kullanma Davranışı. Düşünen Adam 2002;15(3):185-6.
11. Apodaca TR, Schemer CR. Readiness to change alcohol use after trauma. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care 2003;54(5): 990-4.
12. Brown PJ, Wolfe J. Substance abuse and post-traumatic stres disorder comorbidity. Drug Alcohol Depend 1994;35(1): 51-9.
13. Najavits LM, Weiss RD, Shaw SR. The link between substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder in women. A research review. Am J Addict 1997;6(4):273-83.
14. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, editors. Kaplan & Sadock’s Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry. New York; 2005.
15. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği, Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El kitabı. DSM IV. Dördüncü baskı; 1994.
16. Green BL, Grace MC, Vary MG, Kramer TL, Gleser GC, Leonard AC. Children of disaster in the second decade: a 17-year follow-up of Buffalo Creek surviors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994;33(1):71-9.
17. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52(12):1048-60.
18. Franklin JE, Frances RJ. Psychiatric disorders in general hospital patients: substance related disorders. Rundell JR, Wise MG, editors. Textbook of Consultation Liasion Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC 1996; 426-466.
19. Stewart SH. Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: a critical review. Psychol Bull 1996; 120(1):83-112.
20. Kural S, Evren EC, Can S, Çakmak D. Alkol ve Madde Bağımlılarında Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğunun Sosyodemografik ve Klinik Özellikler ile ilişkisi. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 2004;14(1):1–8.
21. Mills KL, Teesson M, Ross J, Peters L. Trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163(4):652–58.
22. Evren EC, Er FO, Erkıran M, Çakmak D. Tedavi arayışında olan eroin bağımlılarında 1. eksen psikiyatrik komorbidite: sosyodemografik ve madde kullanım özellikleri ile ilişkisi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2002;5(2):92– 104.
23. Bremner JD, Southwick SM, Darnell A. Chronic PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans course of illnes and substance abuse. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153(3):369-75.
24. Windle M, Windle RC, Scheidt DM, Miller GB. Physical and sexual abuse and associated mental disorders among alcoholic inpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152(9):1322-8.
25. Kudler H. Trauma and the Vietnam war generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991;179(10):644-5.
26. Acierno R, Kilpatrick DG, Resnick H, Saunders B, De Arellano M, Best C. Assault, PTSD, family substance use, and depression as risk factors for cigarette use in youth: findings from the National Survey of Adolescents. J Trauma Stress 2000;13(3):381-96.
27. Elshad SM, Çelik C, Özdemir B. Karabağ savaşı örnekleminde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve alkol kullanım bozuklukları birlikteliği. Gülhane Tıp Dergisi 2009;51(4):212-5.
28. Brady KT, Dansky BS, Sonne SC, Saladin ME. Posttraumatic stres disorder and cocaine dependence. Order of onset. Am J Addict 1998;7(2): 128-35.
29. Jacobsen LK, Southwick SM, Kosten TR. Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the literature. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(8):1184-90.
30. Brady KT, Killeen TK, Brewerton T, Lucerini S. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61(suppl 7):22-32
31. Xian H, Chantarujikapong SI, Scherrer JF, Eisen SA, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on posttraumatic stres disorder, alcohol and drug dependence in twin pairs. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000;61(1):95-102.
32. Breslau N. Outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62(suppl 17):55-9.
33. McLeod DS, Koenen KC, Meyer JM, Lyons MJ, Eisen S, True W, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship among combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and alcohol use. J Trauma Stress 2001;14(2):259-75.
34. McCauley K, Kern DE, Kolodner K, Dill L, Schroeder A, DeChant HK, et al. Clinical characteristics of women with history of childhood abuse: unhealed wounds. JAMA 1997;277(17):1362-8.
35. Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson E. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48(3):216-22.
36. Widom CS. Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156(8):1223-9.
37. Cottler LB, Compton WM, Mager D, Spitznagel EL, Janca A. Posttraumatic stress disorder among substance users from the general population. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149(5):664-70.
38. Dunn GE, Ryan JJ, Dunn CE. Trauma symptoms in substance abusers with and without histories of childhood abuse. J Psychoactive Drugs 1994;26(4):357-60.
39. Westermeyer J, Wahmanholm K, Thuras P. Effects of childhood physical abuse on course and severity of substance abuse. Am J Addict 2001;10(2):101-10.
40. Simpson TL, Miller WR. Concomitance between childhood sexual and physical abuse and substance use problems. A review. Clin Psychol Rev 2002;22(1):27-77.
41. Johnson SD, Striley C, Cottler LB. The association of substance use disorders with trauma exposure and PTSD among African American drug users. Addict Behav 2006;31(11):2063-73.
42. Odağ C. Özkıyım. Bir tanımlama denemesi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 1994;5(4):265-71.
43. Deykin EY, Buka SL. Prevalence and risk factors for posttravmatic stres disorder among chemically dependent adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154(6):752-7.