Ottoman-German relations during the second constitutional period

Bu makale, 1908-1918 tarihleri arasında Osmanlı-Almanya ilişkileri incelemiş tir. İstanbul’daki Alman varlığı 1908 anayasa yenileme dönemine kadar güçlüydü.Fakat, 1914 savaşının dönüm noktasına kadar Almanya, İngiltere ve Fransa parlamen ter rejimleri karşısında gölgede kaldı. Almanya ile imzalanan ittifat anlaşması ile birlikte, 1918 yenilgisine kadar, bu ilişkide Almanya daha baskın bir rol oynuyordu.

İkinci meşrutiyet döneminde Osmanlı-Almanya ilişkileri

This paper discusses the relations between Germany and the Ottoman Empirefrom 1908 to 1918. The German position in Istanbul had been strong until the restoration of the constitution in 1908. But Germany was eclipsed by the parliamentary regimes of Britain and France until the outbreak of war in 1914. With the signing of the alliance with Germany, the relationship was dominated by Germany until defeat in 1918.

PDF

___

Ahmad, Feroz The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress 1908- 1914. Oxford, 1969.
Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet, Türk İnkilabı Tarihi, 2/iii, Ankara, 1983.
Bernstorff, Johann, Memoirs of Count Bernstorff, New York, 1936.
Berridge, G.R., Gerald Fitzmaurice (1865-1939), Chief Dragoman of the Brit ish Embassy in Turkey, Leiden and Boston, 2007.
Bridge, F.R., ‘The Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire’, in The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, Marian Kent (ed.), London 1984.
Bülow, Prince von, Memoirs of Prince von Bülow, the World War and Germa ny’s collapse 1909-1919, vol. iii, Boston, l932.
Cavit, Mehmet, ‘Meşrutiyet devrine ait Cavit Beyin Hatıraları’ Tanin, 12 and 15-16 November l944. (The memoirs were serialized during 1944 and 1945).
Cecil, Lamar, Albert Ballin, Business and Politics in Imperial Germany, 1888- 1918. Princeton 1967.
Czernin, Count Ottokar, In the World War, London, 1919.
Earle, E.M., Turkey, the Great Powers and the Bagdad Railway, London, 1923.
Erichsen, Regine, ‘Scoundrels or Gentlemen? The Image of the Turk and the German Cultural Mission in Turkey during World War 1’, in The Image of the Turk in Europe from the Declaration of the Republic in 1923 to the 1990s, Nedret Kuran Burcoglu (ed.), Istanbul, 2000.
Fischer, Fritz, Germany’s Aims in the First World War. New York, 1967.
Fischer, World Power or Decline, New York, 1974.
Friedman, Isaiah, Germany, Turkey, and Zionism 1897-1918. Oxford, 1977.
Gooch, G.P., Recent revelations of European Diplomacy, 4th ed., London 1940.
Görlitz, Walter, The Kaiser and His Court: The Diaries Note Books and Letters of Admiral Georg Alexander Von Muller Chief of the Naval Cabinet 1914–1918, New York 1964.
Harry N. Howard, Harry N., The Partition of Turkey: a diplomatic history 1913-1923. New York 1966; first published by the University of Oklahoma Press in 1931.
Jackh, Ernest, The Rising Crescent: Turkey, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. New York, 1944.
Lamouche, Colonel, Quinze Ans D’Histoire Balkinique, Paris 1928
Mukhtar Pacha, Mahmud, La Turquie, L’Allemagne et L’Europe depuis Le Traité de Berlin, Paris, 1924.
Özgüldür, Yavuz, ‘Yuzbasi Helmut von Moltke’den Musir Liman von Sand ers’e Osmanli ordusunda Alman Askeri Heyetleri’, OTAM, 4, January 1993.
Paker, Esat Cemal, Siyasi Tahirimizde Kirk Yillik hariciye Hatiralari, Istanbul, 1952.
Rutherford, Ward, The Russian Army in Word War 1. London, 1975.
Trumpener, Ulrich, ‘Liman von Sanders and the German-Ottoman Alliance’, Journal of Contemporary History, i/3, 1966 and in Walter Laqueur and George L. Mosse (eds.), 1914: The Coming of the First World War. Harper and Row: New York, 1966.
Vagts, Alfred, Defense and Diplomacy - The Soldier and the Conduct of For eign Relations. King’s Crown Press: New York, 1956.
Weber, Frank, Eagles on the Crescent – Germany, Austria, and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance, 1914-1918. Ithaca and London, 1970.
Williamson, John, Karl Helffereich 1872-1924: Economist, Financier, Politi cian. Princeton, New Jersey, 1971.