RODOPLAR SINIRININ OLUŞUMU VE BALKANLAR’DA POMAK KİMLİĞİNİN İNŞASI

Ulus devlet sınırları sadece uluslararası ilişkilerin değil aynızamanda insanların da günlük hayatının bir parçası haline gelmiş birolgudur. Her ne kadar, teoride sonradan oluşturulmuş da olsalar,sınırlar doğrudan yada dolaylı olarak toplumlulukların kimlik inşasınıetkilemektedirler. Pomaklar, Slavca konuşan Müslüman bir nüfus olup,tarihsel olarak Bulgaristan-Yunanistan sınırındaki Rodop Dağları'ndayaşamaktadırlar. Bulgar, Yunan ve Türk ulus kurma süreçlerinde Pomakkimliği sürekli olarak bir çekişmeye maruz kalmıştır. Bulgaristan devletiiçin Pomaklar zorla müslümanlaştırılan etnik Bulgarlardır. Dolayısıyla,bu durum geri döndürülebilirse Pomaklar yeniden "gerçek" birerBulgar olabilirler. Yunanistan devleti içinse Pomaklar, zaman içindebölgedeki kendilerinden daha kalabalık Slavca konuşan nüfusça asimileedilmiş Helen boylarıdır. Türkiye'de ise Pomakların, Osmanlı öncesiKumanlar ve Peçenekler gibi Türki boyların soyundan geldikleri, dahasonra Slavca konuşan nüfusça asimile edilmiş oldukları kabul edilir. Bumakalede, Rodoplardaki sınırların oluşturulmasını ve bu sınıroluşumunun Bulgaristan, Yunanistan ve Türkiye'deki Pomakların kimlikinşalarını nasıl etkileyip şekillendirdiği tartışılmaktadır. Makalenin ilkbölümü, günümüzde Bulgaristan ve Yunanistan arasında yer alan RodopDağları'ndaki sınırın oluşumuna odaklanmaktadır. Makalenin ikincibölümünde ise Pomakların Bulgaristan, Yunanistan ve Türkiye'dekikimlik inşa süreçleri değerlendirilmektedir. Son olarak ise, ülkesınırlarının doğrudan yada dolaylı olarak Pomak kimliğinin sınırlarınınoluşumuna etkileri tartışılmaktadır

THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS

Nation-state borders are a phenomenon became part of theinternational relations as well as the everyday lives of people. Eventhough borders, in theory, are constructed entities state borders directlyor indirectly influence identity formation of communities. The Pomaksare Slavic-speaking Muslim population living historically in theRhodope Mountains region on the Bulgarian-Greek border. InBulgarian, Greek, and Turkish nation-building processes, Pomakidentity was continuously contested by all the three states. For theBulgarian state, the Pomaks are ethnic Bulgarians who forcefullyconverted to Islam. Thus, if this process can be reversed, they canbecome “real” Bulgarians, again. For the Greek state, the Pomaks aredescendants of Hellenic tribes who were assimilated by more populousSlavic-speaking populations in the region. In Turkey, the Pomaks areregarded as descendants of pre-Ottoman Turkic tribes, such as Kumansand Pechenegs, who later assimilated by Slavic-speaking populations.This paper discusses how the modern Rhodopean borders were createdand how their creation influenced and shaped the construction of Pomakidentity in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. The first part focuses on themaking of the modern Rhodope Mountains borders between Bulgariaand Greece. The second part evaluates the identity constructionprocesses of Pomaks in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. Finally, the paperdiscusses how the making of state borders, directly and indirectly,influenced the construction of Pomak identity boundaries in Bulgaria,Greece, and Turkey

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