Konstrüktivizm,tek kutupluluk ve Amerikan hegemonyası
Konstrüktivist yaklaşımların Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplininde yaklaşık son yirmi yıldır yükselişi ile Soğuk Savaş sonrası dünya düzeninin ABD liderliğinde sağlanmasına ilişkin çabalar aynı tarih dilimine rastlamaktadır. Öte yandan, ortaya çıktığı günlerden beri üzerinde bulunan 'Amerikan' etiketinden bir türlü kurtulamayan disiplin içinde konstrüktiviz-ınin yükselişi ile ABD liderliğindeki tek kutuplu dünya düzeni arasında aynı tarihsel kesitte bulunmaktan kaynaklanabilecek bağlar çok fazla tartışma konusu edilmemiştir. Bu çalışmada, tek kutuplu uluslararası düzen ile konstrüktivist iddialar arasında birbirini destekleyen paralellikler belirlenmeye çalışılacak ve yaklaşımın bugünün dünya politikasında önemli işlevlere sahip olduğu iddia edilecektir.
The rise of constructivist approaches in the discipline of International Relations almost for the last two decades juxtaposed with the attempts to attain world order under the leadership of the U.S. after the Cold War. However, connections between the rise of constructivism in the discipline that had carried the 'American' label from its beginning and unipolar world order under the leadership of the U.S., which are the phenomena of the same period, have not been analyzed enough yet. In this paper, it will be tried to discover common points supporting each other between the unipolar international order and constructivist arguments and it will be claimed that constructivist approaches have important functions in current world politics.
___
Adler, Emanuel, 'Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics', European journal of International Relations, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1997, s. 319-64.Adler, Emanuel ve Michael Barnett (der.), Security Communities, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Anderson, Perry, Lineages of Absolutist State, (London: Verso, 1974).
Ateş, Davut, 'Uluslararası İlişkilerde Konstrüktivizm: Ortayol Yaklaşımının Epistemolojik Çerçevesi', Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 1, 2008, s. 213235.
Ateş, Davut, 'ABD Hegemonyası ve Bölgesel Modelleme Politikası: Kuramsal Çerçeve', Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayı 1, 2009, s. 303-319.
Ayoob, Mohamed ve Matthew Zierler, 'The Unipolar Concert', "World Policy journal, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2005, s. 31-42.
Barry, Tom (der.), 'Toward a New Grand Strategy for U.S. Foreign Policy', IRC Strategic Diaoluge, No. 3, International Relations Center, 13 Aralık 2004, www.irc-online.org.
Brooks, Stephen ve William Wohlforth, 'American Primacy in Perspective', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 4, 2002, s. 20-33.
Bull, Hedley, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in "World Politics, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).
Buzan, Barry, Charles Jones ve Richard Little, Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism, (New York: Colombia University Press, 1993).
Cohen, A.Eliot, 'History and Hyperpower', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 4, 2004, s. 49-63.
Cox, Michael, 'Empire, Imperialism and the Bush Doctrine', Review of International Studies, Vol. 30, No. 4, 2004, s. 585-608.
Cox, Robert, 'Social Forces, States and World Order: Beyond International Relations Theory', Millennium: journal of International Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1981, s. 126-155.
Farrel, Theo, 'Strategic Culture and American Empire', SAIS Review, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2005, s. 3-18.
Fettweis, Christopher, 'Evaluating IR's Crystal Balls: How Predictions of the Future Have Withstood Fourteen Years of Unipolarity', The International Studies Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2004, s. 79-104.
Finnemore, Martha ve Kathryn Sikkink, 'International Norms Dynamics and Political Change', International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4, 1998, s. 887-917.
Finnemore, Martha ve Kathryn Sikkink, 'Taking Stock: The Constructivist Research Program in International Relations and Comparative Politics', Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 4, 2001, s. 391-416.
Ganesan, N., 'Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Southeast Asian Security', International Relations of the Asia-Pasific, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2003, s. 221-240.
George, Jim, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations, (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994).
Giddens, Anthony, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).
Goldgeier, M.John ve Michael McFaul, 'A Tale of Two Worlds: Core and Periphery in the Post-Cold War Era', International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2, 1992, s. 467-491.
Guzzini, Stefano, 'A Reconstruction of Constructivism in International Relations', European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2000, s. 147-182.
Haass, Richard, 'What to Do with American Primacy', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 5, 1999, s. 37-49.
Haglund, G.David, 'Western Europe and the Challenge of 'Unipolar Moment': Is Multipolarity the Answer?', journal of Military and Strategic Studies, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2004, s. 1-26.
Hill, Christopher, Reformation to Industrial Revolution, (England: Penguin Books, 1969).
Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
Hoffmann, Stanley, 'An American Social Science: International Relations', Daedalus, Vol. 106, No. 3, 1977, s. 41-60.
Hyde-Price, Adrian, European Security in the Twenty-First Century: The Challenge of Multipolarity, (London: Routledge, 2007).
Ikenberry, John ve Charles Kupchan, 'Socialization and Hegemonic Power', International Organization, Vol. 44, No. 3, 1990, s. 283-315.
Ikenberry, John, 'Liberal Hegemony and the Future of American Postwar Order', T.V. Paul ve John A.Hall (der.), International Order and the Future of World Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), s. 123-145.
Ikenberry, John, After Victory. Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major War, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
Ikenberry, John (der.), America Unrivaled: The Future of the Balance of Power, (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2002).
Ikenberry, John ve Charles Kupchan, 'Liberal Realism: The Foundations of a Democratic Foreign Policy', National Interest, Fall 2004, http://www.nationalinterest.org/ME2/ default.asp.
Ikenberry, John, 'Power and Liberal Order: America's Postwar World Order in Transition', International Relations of the Asia Pacific, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2005, s. 133-152.
Ikenberry, John, 'Liberal International Theory in the Wake of 9/11 and American Unipolarity', Seminar Paper, 'IR Theory, Unipolarity and September 11-Five Years on', NUPI, Oslo, Norway, 3-4 February 2006.
Jarvik, Laurence, 'NGOs: A 'New Class' in International Relations', Orbis, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2007, s. 217-238.
Jepperson, R.L, Alexander Wendt ve Peter J.Katzenstein, 'Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security', Peter J. Katzenstein (der.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), s. 33-75.
Kaplan, S.Lawrence, The Long Entanglement: NATO's First Fifty Years, (Westport: Praeger, 1999).
Keohane, Robert, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).
Keohane, Robert, 'The Globalization of Informal Violence, Theories of World Politics, and 'The Liberalism of Fear', Craig Calhoun, Paul Price ve Ashley Timmer (der.), Understanding September 11, (New York: The New Press, 2002), s. 76-91.
Kupchan, Charles, The End of the American Era: U.S. Foreign Policy after the Cold War, (New York: Knopf, 2002).
Lebow, Richard ve Robert Kelly, 'Thucydides and Hegemony: Athens and the United States', Review of International Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4, 2001, s. 593-609.
Locke, John, Two Treatises of Government, Thomas I.Cook (der.), (New York: Hafner Publishing Company, 1964).
Mearsheimer, John, 'The False Promise of International Institutions', International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1994/95, s. 5-49.
Mearsheimer, John, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, (New York: Norton, 2001).
Mustanduno, Michael, 'Preserving the Unipolar Moment: Realist Theories and US Grand Strategy after the Cold War', International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1997, s. 49-88.
Nexon, Daniel, 'Zeitgeist? Neo-Idealism in the Study of International Change', Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2005, s. 700-719.
Nye, Joseph S., 'Redefining the National Interest', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 4, 1999, s. 22-35.
Onuf, Nicholas, Worlds of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations, (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989).
Onuf, Nicholas, 'Constitution of International Society', European journal of International Law, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1994, s. 1-19.
Onuf, Nicholas, 'Worlds of Our Making: The Strange Career of Constructivism in International Relations', Donald J.Puchala (der.), Visions of International Relations, (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), s. 119-141.
Posen, Barry ve Andrew Ross, 'Competing Visions for US Grand Strategy', International Security, Vol. 21, No. 3, 1996/97, s. 5-53.
Posen, Barry, 'Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of U.S. Hegemony', International Security, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2003, s. 5-46.
Risse-Kappen, Thomas, 'Ideas do not Float Freely: Transnational Coalitions, Domestic Structures, and the End of the Cold War', International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 2, 1994, s. 185-214.
Smith, Steve, 'The Development of International Relations as a Social Science', Millennium: journal of International Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1987, s. 189-206.
Smith, Steve, 'The End of the Unipolar Moment? September 11 and the Future of World Order', International Relations, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2002, s. 171-183.
Smith, Tony, 'A Wilsonian World', World Policy journal, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1995, s. 62-66.
Snyder, Jack, 'One World Rival Theories', Foreign Policy, November/December 2004, s. 5262.
Waever, Ole, 'The Sociology of a Not So International Discipline: American and European Developments in International Relations', International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4, 1998, s. 687-727.
Waltz, Kenneth N., Theory of International Politics, (New York: Random House, 1979).
Waltz, Kenneth N., 'Structural Realism after the Cold War', International Security, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2000, s. 5-41.
Weber, Steven, Naazneen Barma, Matthew Kröenig ve Ely Ratner, 'How Globalization Went Bad', Foreign Policy, January/February 2007, s. 48-54.
Wendt, Alexander, 'Bridging the Theory/Meta-theory Gap in International Relations', Review of International Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1991, s. 383-392.
Wendt, Alexander, 'Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics', International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2, 1992, s. 391-407.
Wendt, Alexander, 'Constructing International Politics', International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1995, s. 71-81.
Wendt, Alexander, Social Theory of International Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Wendt, Alexander, 'Why a World State is Inevitable: Teleology and the Logic of Anarchy', European journal of International Relations, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2003, s. 491-542.
Wilkinson, David, 'Unipolarity without Hegemony', International Studies Review, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1999, s. 141-172.
Wohlforth, C.William, 'The Stability of a Unipolar World', International Security, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1999, s. 5-41.
Zürn, Michael ve Jeffrey T.Checkel, 'Getting Socialized to Build Bridges: Constructivism and Rationalism, Europe and the Nation-State', International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 4, 2005, s. 1045-1079.
- ISSN: 1305-5208
- Yayın Aralığı: 5
- Başlangıç: 2018
- Yayıncı: Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu