THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PERCEIVED SERVICE QUALITY IN THE LOCAL TOURS CRITICAL INCIDENTS TECHNIQUE (CIT)

Work processes in tourism sector are performed by close relationships and interactions among the personnel and tourists. In the related literature, in spite of numerous studies about the personnel and tourists’ interactions in different fields of tourism sector, number of the research that investigates the interactions of the personnel and tourists in tours is still limited. The aim of the study is to attempt to determine by CIT, the satisfactory/dissatisfactory experiences of the tourists who joined local tours in Nevşehir. With this purpose, 184 critical incidents were collected by open-ended style questionnaire from tourists. These incidents were categorized as satisfactory and dissatisfactory critical incidents. In this way, it was attempted to measure the current quality conditions of the travel agencies in the region and to identify the service fault. The research resulted provide specific clues need to be taken into notice in order to improve service quality during the local tours.

BÖLGESEL TURLARDA ALGILANAN HİZMET KALİTESİNİN KRİTİK OLAYLAR TEKNİĞİ İLE ÖLÇÜLMESİ

Turizm sektöründe iş süreçleri, personel ve turist arasında yaşanan yakın etkileşimle sürdürülmektedir. İlgili literatür incelendiğinde, turizm sektörünü farklı alanlarında turist-personel etkileşimine ilişkin birçok çalışma yer almasına rağmen, turlarda turist-personel etkileşimini inceleyen konu sayısı kısıtlıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Nevşehir’de bölgesel tura katılan turistlerin yaşadıkları memnun edici ve memnuniyetsizlik yaratıcı deneyimlerinin KOT ile tespit edilmesidir. Bu amaçla 184 kritik olay toplanmıştır. Bunlardan 105’i memnun edici; 79’u memnuniyetsizlik yaratıcı kritik olaylar olarak kategorize edilmiştir. Böylece bölgeye yönelik turların hizmet kalitesi konusundaki mevcut durumu ölçülmeye ve yaşanan aksaklıklar tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu sayede yapılan turlarda hizmet kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi için neler yapılması gerektiği konusunda somut ipuçları ortaya konulmuştur.

___

Agrusa J., Küpper, E., Sizoo, S. (2010). “How Japanese And German Tourists Perceive Service Failures In The USA”. International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 3(7): 250-259.

Ardıç Yetiş, Ş. (2017). “Kritik Olaylar Tekniği Ile Turlarda Algılanan Hizmet Kalitesinin Ölçülmesi”. Unpublished Dostoral Thesis, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Institute of Social Sciences, Nevşehir.

Bettencourt, L.A., & Brown, S.W. (1997). “Contact Employees: Relationships Among Workplace Fairness, Job Satisfaction And Prosocial Behaviors”. Journal of Retailing, 73(1): 39-61.

Bianchi, C., & Drennan, J. (2012). “Drivers Of Satisfaction And Dissatisfaction For Overseas Service Customers: A Critical Incident Technique Approach”. Australasian Marketing Journal, 20, 97-107.

Bitner, M.J. (1990). “Evaluating Service Encounters: The Effects Of Physical Surroundings And Employee Responses”. Journal of Marketing, 54, 69-82.

Bitner, M.J., Booms, B.H., Tetreault, M.S. (1990). “The Service Encounter: Diagnosing Favorable And Unfavorable Incidents”. Journal of Marketing, 54 January, 71-84.

Bejou, D.B., Edvardsson, B., Rakowski, J.P. (1996). “A Critical Incident Approach To Examining The Effects Of Service Failures On Customer Relationships: The Case Of Swedish And U.S. Airlines”. Journal of Travel Research, 35(1): 35-40.

Brady, M.K., & Cronin, J.J. (2001). “Some New Thoughts On Conceptualizing Perceived Service Quality: A Hierarchical Approach”. Journal Of Marketing, 65, 34-49.

Brogowicz, A.A., Delene, L.M., Lyth, D.M. (1990). “A Synthesized Service Quality Model With Managerial Implications”. International Journal Of Service Industry Management, 1(1): 27-45.

Butterfield, L.D., Borgen, W.A., Amundson, N.E., Maglio, A.T. (2005). “Fifty Years Of Critical Incident Technique: 1954-2004 And Beyond”. Qualitative Research, 5 (4): 475-497.

Callan, R., & Lefebve, C. (1997). “Classification And Grading Of UK Lodges: Do They Equate To Managers' And Customers' Perceptions?”. Tourism Management, 18(7): 417-424.

Chandon, J.L., Leo, P.Y., Philippe, J. (1997). “Service Encounter Dimensions – A Dyadic Perspective: Measuring The Dimensions Of Service Encounters As Perceived By Customers And Personnel”. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 8(1): 65-86.

Chang, H., & Yang, C. (2008). “Do Airline Self-Service Check-In Kiosks Meet The Needs Of Passengers?”. Tourism Management, 29, 980-993.

Chell, E., & Pittaway, L. (1998). “A Study Of Entrepreneurship In The Restaurant And Café Industry: Exploratory Work Using The Critical Incident Technique As A Methodology”. Hospitality Management, 17, 23-32.

Chung, B., & Hoffman, K.D. (1998). “Critical Incidents: Service Failures That Matter Most”. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, June, 66-71.

Dabholkar, P.A., Thorpe, D.I., Rentz, J.O. (1996). “A Measure Of Service Quality For Retail Stores: Scale Development And Validation”. Journal Of The Academy Of Marketing Science, 24(1): 3-16.

Edvardsson, B., & Strandvik, T. (2000). “Is A Critical Incident Critical For A Customer Relationship?”. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 10(2): 82–91.

Eriksson, K., Wikstro, L., Fridlund, B., Arestedt, K., Brosto, A. (2016). “Patients’ Experiences And Actions When Describing Pain After Surgery - A Critical Incident Technique Analysis”. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 56, 27-36.

Farell, A.M., Souchon, A.L., Durden, G.R. (2001). “Service Encounter Conceptualisation: Employees’ Service Behaviors’ And Customers’ Service Quality Perceptions”. Journal of Marketing Management, 17, 577- 593.

Friman, M., & Edvardsson, B. (2003). “A Content Analysis Of Complaints And Compliments”. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 13(1): 20-26.

Frost, F.A., & Kumar, M. (2000). “Intservqual - An Internal Adaptation Of The Gap Model In A Large Service Organization”. Journal Of Services Marketing, 14(5): 358-377.

Gilbert, C., & Morris, L. (1995). “The Relative Importance Of Hotels And Airlines To The Business Traveler”. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 7(6): 19-23.

Grönroos, C. (1984). “A Service Quality Model And Its Marketing Implications”. European Journal Of Marketing, 18(4): 36-44.

Gremler, D.D., Bitner, M.J., Evans, K.R. (1994). “The Internal Service Encounter”. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 5(2): 34-56.

Grove, S.J, & Fisk, R.P. (1997). “The Impact Of Other Customers On Service Experiences: A Critical Incident Examination Of “Getting Along”. Journal of Retailing, 73(1): 63-85.

Haywood-Farmer J. (1988). “A Conceptual Model Of Service Quality”. International Journal Of Operations and Production Management, 8(6): 19-29.

Howat, G., & Murray, D. (2002). “The Role Of Critical Incidents To Complement Service Quality Information For A Sport And Leisure Centre”. European Sport Management Quarterly, 2, 23-46.

Hu, K.C., Lu, M., Tu, C.Y., Jen, W. (2013). “Applying Critical Incidents Technique To Explore The Categories Of Service Failure And Service Recovery For Taiwanese International Airlines”. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 10, 2255-2273.

Johnson, L. (2012). “Using The Critical Incident Technique To Assess Gaming Customer Satisfaction”. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 6(2): 1-12.

Kavak, B., Soğancı, E., Eryiğit, C. (2013). “SERVQUAL Ile Beklentinin Ölçümüne Yönelik Bir Kritik”. Pazarlama ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12, 81-89.

Keaveney, S.M. (1995). “Customer Switching Behavior In Service Industries: An Exploratory Study”. Journal of Marketing, 59(2): 71-82.

Lee, S.A., & Shea, L. (2015). “Investigating The Key Routes To Customers’ Delightful Moments In The Hotel Context”. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 24(5): 532-553.

Lewis, R., Yarker, J., Donaldson-Feilder, E., Flaxman, P., Munir, F. (2010). “Using A Competency-Based Approach To Identify The Management Behaviours Required To Manage Workplace Stress In Nursing: A Critical Incident Study”. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47, 307-313.

Liu, T., Warden, C.A., Lee, C., Huang, C. (2001). “Fatal Service Failures Across Cultures”. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 8(1/2): 93-111.

Liu, B., Sudharshan, D., Hamer, L. (2000). “After Service Response In Service Quality Assesssment: A Real-Time Updating Model Approach”. Journal of Service Marketing, 14(2): 160-177.

Lockshin, L., & McDougall, G. (1998). “Service Problems And Recovery Strategies: An Examination Of The Critical Incident Technique In A Business-To-Business Market”. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 26(11): 429-438.

Lundberg, C. (2011). “Critical service Encounters In Hotel Restaurants: The Personnel’s Perspective”. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11(1): 1-19.

Lundberg, C., & Mossberg, L. (2008). “Learning By Sharing: Waiters’ And Bartenders’ Experiences Of Service Encounters”. Journal of Foodservice, 19, 44-52.

Mattsson, J. (1992). “A Service Quality Model Based On An Ideal Value Standart”. International Journal Of Service Industry Management, 3(3): 18-33.

Meuter, M.L., Ostrom, A.L., Roundtree R.I., Bitner, M.J. (2000). “Self-Service Technologies: Understanding Customer Satisfaction With Technology-Based Service Encounters”. Journal of Marketing, 64, 50-64.

Oh, H. (1999). “Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, And Customer Value: A Holistic Perspective”. Hospitality Management, 18, 67-82.

Öztürk, S.A. (2000). “Hizmet Kalitesi Ölçümünde Yeni Bir Yaklaşım: Kritik Olaylar Tekniği”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11 Eylül-Aralık, 57-68.

Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V., Berry, L.L. (1988). “Servqual: A Multiple-Item Scale For Measuring Consumer Perceptions Of Service Quality”. Journal Of Retailing, 64(1): 12-40.

Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V., Berry, L.L. (1985). “A Conceptual Model Of Service Quality And Its Implications For Future Research”. Journal Of Marketing, 49(3): 41-50.

Petrick, J.F., Tonner, C., Quinn, C. (2006). “The Utilization Of Critical Incident Technique To Examine Cruise Passengers’ Repurchase Intentions”. Journal of Travel Research, 44, 273-280.

Price, L.L., Arnould, E.J., Deibler, S.L. (1995). “Consumers’ Emotional Responses To Service Encounters: The Influence Of The Service Provider”. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 6(3): 34-63.

Pritchard, M.P., & Havitz, M.E. (2006). “Destination Appraisal: An Analysis Of Critical Incidents”. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1): 25–46.

Ro, H., & Wong, J. (2012). “Customer Opportunistic Complaints Management: A Critical Incident Approach”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2): 419-427.

Shapira-Lishchinsky, O. (2011). “Teachers’ Critical Incidents: Ethical Dilemmas In Teaching Practice”. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27, 648-656.

Solomon, M.R., Surprenant, C., Czepiel, J.A., Gutman, E.G. (1985). “The Role Theory Perspective On Dyadic Interactions: The Service Encounter”. Journal of Marketing, 49(1): 99-111.

Sundling, C., Nilsson, M.A., Hellqvist, S., Pendrill, R.L., Emardson, R., Berglund, B. (2016). “Travel Behavior Change In Oldage: The Role Of Critical Incidents In Public Transport”. European Journal of Ageing, 13(1): 75-83.

Surprenant, C.F., & Solomon, M.R. (1987). “Predictability And Personalization In The Service Encounter”. Journal Of Marketing, 51(2): 86-96.

Sweeney J.C., Soutar G.N., Johnson L.W. (1997). “Retail Service Quality And Perceived Value”. Journal of Retailing and Customer Services, 4(1): 39-48.

Teare, R., Mazanec, J.A., Crawford-Welch, S., Calver, S. (1994). Marketing in Hospitality and Tourism- A Consumer Focus. England, Great Britain: Redwook Books.

Teas, R.K. (1993). “Expectations, Performance Evaluation And Consumers’ Perceptions Of Quality”. Journal Of Marketing, 57, 18-34.

Tsai, C., & Su, C. (2009). “Service Failures And Recovery Strategies Of Chain Restaurants In Taiwan”. The Service Industries Journal, 29(12): 1779-1796.

Wang, K.C., Hsieh, A.T., Huan, T.C. (2000). “Critical Service Features In Group Package Tour: An Exploratory Research”. Tourism Management, 21(2): 177-189.

Wels-Lips, I., Van Der Ven, M., Pieters, R. (1998). “Critical Services Dimensions: An Empirical Investigation Across Six Industries”. International Journal of Service Industry Management 9(3): 286-309.

Winsted, K.F. (2000). “Service Behaviors That Lead To Satisfied Customers”. European Journal of Marketing 34(3/4): 399-417.

Wong, A., & Sohal, A. (2003). “A Critical Incident Approach To The Examination Of Customer Relationship Management In A Retail Chain: An Exploratory Study”. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 6(4): 248-262.

Yılmaz, İ. (2018). “Kritik Olaylar Tekniği’nin Turizmdeki Hizmet Kalitesi Araştırmalarında Kullanılabilirliği Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Verimlilik Dergisi, 2018(1): 87-116.

Yılmaz İ. (2003a). “Hizmet Kalitesini Ölçme Ve Iyileştirmede Yeni Bir Yaklaşım: Kritik Olaylar Tekniği (KOT) Ve Nevşehir’de Faaliyet Gösteren Üç, Dört Ve Beş Yıldızlı Otellerde Bir Uygulama. Unpublished Master Thesis, Hacettepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.

Yılmaz, İ. (2003b).” Kritik Olaylar Tekniği’nin (KOT) Hizmet Kalitesinin Ölçme Ve Iyileştirmede Kullanılmasına Yönelik Bir Araştırma”. Pazarlama Dünyası, 2, 56-63.

Zainol, N.A., & Lockwood, A. (2014). “Understanding Service Experience: A Critical Incident Technique Approach”. Academic Research International 5(4): 189-203