BİRİNCİ KÜRESELLEŞMEDEN İKİNCİYE MANCHESTER'IN DEĞİŞEN ROLÜ

Manchester, 18. yüzyılın başında küçük ve çok kalabalık olmayan bir pazar kasabası olmasına rağmen, kırsal kesimden emek çeken pamuk endüstrisinin büyümesi sayesinde hem 19. hem de 20. yüzyıllarda büyük bir nüfus artışı yaşamıştır. Sanayi Devrimi'nin beraberinde getirdiği kentleşme ile birlikte Manchester, 19. yüzyılın sonlarına denk gelen Birinci Küreselleşme Döneminde dünyanın merkezi ve ilk sanayileşmiş şehri olmayı başarmıştır. Ancak 1930'lardaki Büyük Buhran'ın ardından ve dış rekabetin artmasıyla birlikte tekstil endüstrisi gerilemeye başlamış ve bu nedenle Manchester'dan bir işgücü göçü meydana gelmiş ve bu da nüfusta sürekli bir düşüşe neden olmuştur. Bu nedenle, Manchester'ın 20. yüzyılda merkezi rolünü kaybettiği söylenebilir. Ekonomik durumu iyileştirmek için Manchester ekonomisi, mühendislik, kimya ve elektronik ile hizmetler gibi diğer bazı sektörlere doğru çeşitlenmeye başlamıştır. Ancak, Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri (BİT) Devrimi'nin şekillendirdiği yeni dönemin gereklerini yakalayamamıştır. Bu arada, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Silikon Vadisi, 1990'lar olan İkinci Küreselleşme Döneminde önemli bir merkez olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Manchester, ikinci küreselleşme döneminde merkezi rolünü kaybetmiş olsa da 21. yüzyılla birlikte, hem Araştırma ve Geliştirme (Ar-Ge) için gerekli altyapıya hem de yenilikçi potansiyele sahip olması nedeniyle “Kuzey Santrali”nde önemli bir nokta olarak yeniden ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı, son üç yüzyılda bir ekonomik merkez olarak Manchester şehrinin değişen rolünü Birinci ve İkinci Küreselleşme Dönemlerinde meydana gelen büyük değişimlere vurgu yaparak incelemektir. “Manchester'ın tarihinin sadece bir kasaba hikayesinden daha fazlası olduğu, modern dünya tarihine bir katkı olduğu” (Kidd, 2006) vurgulandığından, insanlık, sanayileşme ve kapitalizmin ulaştığı günümüz aşamasını kavrayabilmek için iyi anlaşılması gerekir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Uluslararası Politik İktisat, Küreselleşme, Uluslararası Ekonomi, Ekonomi Tarihi, Manchester

THE CHANGING ROLE OF MANCHESTER FROM THE FIRST GLOBALISATION TO THE SECOND

Although Manchester was a small and not very populous market town at the beginning of the 18th century, it experienced a large increase in population both in the 19th and 20th centuries thanks to the growth of the cotton industry attracting labour from the countryside. With the urbanisation brought about by the Industrial Revolution, Manchester achieved to become the centre and the first industrialised city of the world in the First Globalisation Era, which was the late 19th century. However, following the Great Depression of the 1930s and with an increase in foreign competition, textile industry was in decline and thus there was an outmigration of labour from Manchester causing a continuous decline in population as well. Therefore, it can be argued that Manchester lost its centred role in the 20th century. In order to improve the economic situation, Manchester’s economy started to diversify into some other industries such as engineering, chemicals and electronics as well as services. However, it could not catch the requirements of the new era shaped by the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Revolution. Meanwhile, the Silicon Valley of the United States emerged as an important centre in the Second Globalisation Era, which was the 1990s. Although having lost its centred role in the second globalisation era, with the 21st century, Manchester has been re-emerging as an important point in the “Northern Powerhouse” as it has both the necessary infrastructure for Research and Development (R&D) and the innovative potential. The aim of this paper is to study the changing role of the Manchester city as an economic centre in the last three centuries, with an emphasis on the major changes taking place in the First and the Second Globalisation Eras. Since it is underlined that “Manchester’s history is more than just the story of a town, it is a contribution to the history of the modern world” (Kidd, 2006), it should be well understood in order to comprehend the present stage that the humankind, industrialisation and the capitalism reached at.

Keywords:

International Political Economy, Globalisation, International Economics, Economic History, Manchester,

PDF

___

Abell, P. H. (1978). Transport and Industry in Greater Manchester. UK: Barnsley Publishing.
Baldwin, R., and Martin, P. (1999). Two Waves of Globalisation: Superficial Similarities, Fundamental Differences, in Siebert, H. (ed), Globalisation and Labour (pp. 3 – 59). Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr for Kiel Institute of World Economics.
Brown, R. W. (2004). The City in European History: Industrial Manchester in the Nineteenth Century. (Retrieved Date: 12/01/2015): http://www2.uncp.edu/home/rwb/ manchester19c.html.
Dicken, P. (2015). Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy. New York: The Guilford Press.
Goldsmith, C. (2019). Graphene is the new wonder material transforming the energy sector. (Retrieved Date: 12/1/2019): https://www.theneweconomy.com/energy/graphene-is-the-new-wonder-material-transforming-the-energy-sector.
Hetheringthon, K. (2007). Manchester’s Urbis: Urban Regeneration, Museums and Symbolic Economies. Cultural Studies, 21 (4-5): 630-649.
Hirst, P., and Thompson, G. (1996). Globalisation in Question. UK: Cambridge Polity Press.
Hirst, P., and Thomson, G. and Bromley, S. (2009). Globalisation in Question. UK: Cambridge Polity Press.
Hodos, J. I. (2011). Second Cities: Globalisation and Local Politics in Manchester and Phil-adelphia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Kidd, A. (2006). Manchester: A History. UK: Carnegie Publishing.
Kidd, A.J., and Wyke, T. (2016). Manchester: Making the Modern City. UK: Liverpool University Press.
Lloyd-Jones, R., and Le Roux, A. A. (1980). The Size of Firms in the Cotton Industry: Manchester 1815-41. The Economic History Review, 33 (1): 72-82.
Perraton, J. (2001). The Global Economy—Myths and Realities. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 25 (5): 669–684.
Rodrik, D. (1997). Has Globalisation Gone Too Far?. Californian Management Review, 39 (3): 29- 53.
Rodrik, D. (2011). Akıllı Küreselleşme (The Globalisation Paradox). Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
Taylor, S., and Holder, J. (2008). Manchester’s Northern Quarter: The Greatest Meer Village. UK: English Heritage.
Vision of Britain (2014). Manchester District. (Retrieved Date: 12/1/2015): https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10033007/theme/POP.
Wadsworth, A. P., and Mann, J. de L. (1931). The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600-1780. UK: Manchester University Press.
Wadsworth, A. P., and Mann, J. de L. (1965). The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600-1780. UK: Manchester University Press.
Web1: Manchester. http://www.webritish.co.uk/city_display.asp?city= Manchester (Retrieved Date: 12/1/2015)
Willan, T. S. (1980). Elizabethan Manchester. Manchester: Published for the Chetham Society by Manchester University Press.
Winterbotham, D. (1998). Sackclothes and Fustyans and Such Like Comodyties. Early Linen Manufacture in the Manchester Region (Occational Paper 38: 22-43). Centre for North West Resgional Studies University of Lancaster.
Wyke, T. (2016). Rise and Decline of Cottonopolis, in Kidd, A. and Wyke, T. (eds.), Manchester: Making the Modern City (pp. 347-396). UK: Liverpool University Press.