Türkiye Bal Arılarında Ciddi Tehlike; Nosemosis

Nosema apis ve Nosema cerenae ergin bal arılarında (Apis mellifera) Nosemosis’e neden olur ve bu etkenler ergin arıların bağırsak sistemine yerleşir. Nosemosis en yaygın arı hastalıklarından birisidir ve dünya çapında önemli arı kayıplarına neden olur. Bu hastalık direkt olarak; sindirim sistemi bozukluklarına, arıların ortalama ömrünün azalmasına, koloni sayısının azalmasına neden olur ve indirekt olarak; bal üretiminin ve polen toplamanın azalmasına ve kolonide önemli kış kayıplarına neden olur. Bu hastalık bakteriyel, protozoon ve viral hastalıklarla birlikte görülebilir bu durum arı kolonisi sağlığını, arı ürünlerini ve üretimini olumsuz yönde etkiler. Bu derlemede Nosema hastalığının ergin arılarda önemi ve Nosemosis kontrol programına vurgu yapılmıştır.

Serious Threat for Turkish Honeybees; Nosemosis

Nosemosis is one of the most prevalent bee diseases that cause significant bee losses worldwide. The causative agents of Nosemosis in adult honey bees (Apis mellifera) are Nosema apis and Nosema cerenae and these agents invade intestines of adult bees. This disease causes digestive tract disorders, reducing the lifespan of bees, decreasing bee colony number directly, indirectly, decreasing honey production and pollen collecting and important bee’s colony losses in a dormant season. It may be seen together with bacterial, protozoal and viral diseases. This circumstance negatively affects the health of bee colonies, bee products and productivity. In this review, the importance of Nosema disease in adult bees and control programme of Nosemosis are emphasized.

PDF

___

Aronstein KA, Saldivar E, Webster TC. Evaluation of Nosema ceranae spore-specific polyclonal antibodies. J Apic Res, 50(2): 145-151, 2011.
Aydın L. Nosemiasis. Türkiye Parasitol Derg, 18(2): 224-228 (1), 1994.
Aydın L, Güleğen E, Çetinbaş H. Bursa yöresi bal arılarında Nosema apis’ in (Zander, 1909) yaygınlığı. Türkiye 3 Arıcılık Kongresi Çukurova Üniv Ziraat Fak, Adana, 2001.
Aydın L, Güleğen E, Çakmak İ, Girisgin O, Wells H. Relation between Nosema and Chalkbrood diseases, and its implication for an apiary management model. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 50: 471-475, 2006.
Bailey L. Nosema apis and dysantery of the honeybee. J Apic Res, 6: 121-125, 1955.
Bacandritsos N, Granato A, Budge G, Papanastasiou I, Roinioti E, Caldon M, Falcaro C, Gallina A, Mutinelli F. Sudden deaths and colony population decline in Greek honey bee colonies. J Invertebr Pathol, 105: 335–340, 2010.
Botías C, Martín-Hernández R, Garrido-Bailón E, González-Porto A, Martínez-Salvador A, De La Rúa P, Meana A, Higes M. The growing prevalence of Nosema ceranae in honey bees in Spain, an emerging problem for the last de-cade. Res Vet Sci, 93: 150–155, 2012.
Chaimanee V, Wrrit N, Chantaannkul P. Infections of Nosema ceranae in four different honeybee species. J Inver-tebr Pathol, 105(2): 201-210, 2010.
Chen Y, Evans JD, Smith BI, Pettis JS. Nosema ceranae is a long present and wide-spread microsporidian infection of the Europan honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the United States. J Invertebr Pathol, 97(2): 186-188, 2008.
Chen YP, Evans JD, Murphy C, Gutell R, Zuker M, Gun-densen-Rindal D, Pettis JS. Morphological, moleculer, and phylogenetic characterization of Nosema ceranae, a mic-rosporidian parasite isolated from the European honey bee, Apis mellifera. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 56: 142-147, 2009.
Chen YP, Huang ZY. Nosema ceranae, a newly identified pathojen of Apis mellifera in the USA and Asia. Apido-logie, 41(3): 364-374, 2010.
Costa C, Tanner G, Lodesani M, Maistrello L, Neumann P. Negative correlation between Nosema ceranae spore loads and deformed wing virus infection levels in adult honey bee workers. J Invertebr Pathol, 108(3): 224-5, 2011.
Cox-Foster DL, Conles S, Holmes EC, Palacios G, Evans JD, Moran NA, Quan PL, Briese T, Hornig M, Geiser DM, Martinson V, Vanengelsorp D, Kalkstein AL, Drysdale A, Huı J, Zhai JH, Cui LW, Hutchison SK, Simons JF, Egholm M, Pettis JS, Lıpkın WI. Ametagonic survey of microbes in honey bee colony collapse disorder. Science, 318(5848): 283-287, 2007.
Dainat B, Evans JD, Chen YP, Gauthier L, Neumann P. Predictive markers of honey bee colony collapse. PLoS One, 7 (2): e32151, 2012.
Derakhshifar I, Köglberger H, Oberlerchner J, Moosbeckhofer R. Incidence of Nosema spp. and colony performance in Austria 2006–2008. COST Action FA0803 Prevention of honeybee Colony Losses, Nosema disease: lack of knowledge and work standardization, 2010.
Doğaroğlu M, Sıralı R. Survey results on honeybee pests and diseases in Thracian Region of Turkey. Uludag Bee J, 5: 71-78, 2005.
Dussaubat C, Brunet JL, Higes M, Colbourne JK, Lopez J, Choi JH, Martin-Hernandez R, Botias C, Moritz RF, Le Conte Y, Alaux C. Gut pathology and responses to the microsporidium Nosema ceranae in the honey bee Apis mellifera. PLoS One, 7(5): e37017, 2012.
Forsgren E, Fries I. Comarative virulence of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in individual European honey bees. Vet Parasitol, 170(3-4): 212-217, 2010.
Fries I. Comb replacement and Nosema disease (Nosema apis) in honeybee colonies. Apidologie, 19: 343-356, 1988.
Fries I. Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera ). J Invertebr Pathol, 103 Suppl 1: S73-9, 2010.
Gisder S, Hedtke K, Möcke IN, Frielitz MC, Linde A, Genersch E. Five-year cohort study of Nosema spp. in Germany: does climate shape virulence and assertiveness of Nosema ceranae? Appl Environ Microbiol, 76 (9): 3032-8, 2010.
Granato A, Caldon M, Falcaro C, Mutinelli F. Presence of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in Italian apiaries. COST Action FA0803 - Prevention of honeybee colony losses, Nosema disease: lack of knowledge and work standardization, 2010.
Gurgulova K, Valchovski R, Petrov P, Ivanova E. Distribution of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria. Diagnostic in honeybees. From sampling to data analyses. Beedoc – Cost Action. Ghent University, Belgium, 2010.
Hatjina F, Tsoktouridis G, Bouga M, Charistos L, Evangelou V, Avtzis D, Meeus I, Brunain M, Smagghe G, de Graaf DC. Polar tube protein gene diversity among Nosema ceranae strains derived from a Greek honey bee health study. J Invertebr Pathol, 108(2): 131-4.s, 2011.
Higes M, Garcia-Palencia P, Martin-Hernandez R, Aranzazu M. Experimental infection of Apis mellifera honey bees with Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia). J Invertebr Pathol, 94(3): 211-217, 2007.
Higes M, Martin Hernandez RE, Garrido-Bailon E, Garcia-Palencia P, Meana A. Detection of infective Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) spores in corbicular pollen of forager honeybees. J Invertebr Pathol, 97(1): 76-78, 2008.
Klee J, Beasana AM, Genersch E, Gısder S, Nanetti A, Tam DQ, Chinh TX, Puerta F, Ruz JM, Kryger P, Message D, Hatjina F, Korpela S, Fries I, Paxton RJ. Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. J Invertebr Pathol, 96(1): 1-10, 2007.
Lotfi A, Jamshidi R, Shahryar HA, Yousefkhani M. The prevalence of Nosemosis in honey bee colonies in Arasbaran Region Iran. American-Eurasian J Agric & Environ Sci, 5: 255-257, 2009.
Malone LA, Gatehouse HS, Tregidga EL. Effects of time, temperature, and honey on Nosema apis (Microsporidia: Nosemstidae), a parasite of the honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J Invertebr Pathol, 77 (4): 258-68, 2001.
Martin-Hernandez R, Meana A, Prieto L, Salvador AM, Garrido-Bailon E, Higes M. Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73(20): 6331-6338, 2007.
Mayack CH, Naug D. Energetic stress in the honey bee Apis mellifera from Nosema ceranae infection. J Invertebr Pathol, 100: 185-188, 2009.
Muz MN, Girişgin AO, Muz D, Aydin L. Molecular detection of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in colony collapsed apiaries of Turkey. J Apic Res, 49(4): 342-344, 2010.
Muz MN, Solmaz H, Yaman M, Karakavuk M. Kış Salkımı Erken Bozulan Arı Kolonilerinde Paraziter ve Bakteriyel Patojenler. YYU Vet Fak Derg, 23(3): 147-150, 2012.
Paxton R, Klee J, Korpela S, Fries I. Nosema ceranae has infected Apis mellifera in Europe since at least 1998 and may be more virulent than Nosema apis. Apidologie, 38(6): 558-565, 2007.
Paxton R. Does infection by Nosema ceranae cause Colony Collapse Disorder in Honey bees (Apis mellifera)? J Apic Res, 49: 80-84, 2010.
Santiago P, Lange CE. Detection of Malpighamoeba mellificae (Protista: Amoebozoa) in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of Argentina. Rev Soc Entomol Argent, 69 (3-4): 299-303, 2010.
Şimşek H. Elazığ yöresi bal arılarında bazı parazit ve mantar hastalıklarının araştırılması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 52: 123-126, 2005.
Şimşek D. Muğla ili bal arılarının (Apis mellifera) mikrobiyal ve paraziter hastalıklar yönünden incelenmesi. H Ü Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2007. Topçu B, Arslan MÖ. The prevalence of Nosemosis in honey bee in the province of Kars. Uludağ Bee J, 164-170, 2004.
Ütük AE, Pişkin Ç, Kurt M. Türkiye’de Nosema ceranae’nın ilk moleküler tanısı. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 57: 275-278, 2010.
Van der Steen J, Cornelissen B, Blacquière T. Strategy to control bee diseases in the Netherlands. Diagnostic in honeybees. From sampling to data analyses. Beedoc – Cost Action. Ghent University, Belgium, 2010.
Visvesvara GS. In vitro cultivation of microsporodia of clinical importance. Clin Microbiol Rev, 15: 401-413, 2002.
Webster TC, Pomper KW, Hunti G, Thacker EM, Jones SC. Nosema apis infection in worker and queen Apis mellifera. Apidologie, 35(1): 49-54, 2004.
Webster TC, Aronstein KA. Nosema ceranae detection by microscopy and antibody test. In: Sammataro D, Yoder JA, editors. Honey Bee Colony Health: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions. Boca Raton, RL: CRC Press. pp, 115-120, 2012.
Zeybek H. Arı Hastalıkları ve Zararlıları. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Hayvan Hast Araş Enst Müd, Etlik-Ankara, 1991.