USTALIĞIN SIRRI: YETENEK Mİ KASITLI ALIŞTIRMA MI?

Uzmanlık (expertise) çalışmalarının temel amacı, belirli bir alanda olağanüstü ya da üstün becerilere sahip insanları diğer insanlardan ayıran özellikleri anlamaya ve açıklamaya çalışmaktır (Ericsson ve Smith 1991: 2). Uzman performansını açıklamaya yönelik öne sürülen kuramlardan biri olan kasıtlı alıştırma kuramına göre, uzman performansı bireylerin kendi performansını geliştirmek için uzun süre devam eden çabalarının bir sonucudur (Ericsson vd. 1993: 400). Buna göre, farklı uzmanlık düzeylerinde (örneğin, acemi ve usta seviyedeki bireyler) ya da aynı uzman grupları (örneğin, elit sanatçılar) arasında performansta gözlenen bireysel farklılıklar yetenekten ziyade bireylerin yaptıkları kasıtlı alıştırma miktarıyla oldukça yakından ilişkilidir. Kasıtlı alıştırma ve uzman performansı arasındaki ilişki bugüne kadar birçok farklı alanda incelenmiştir. Bu derleme çalışmasında müzik, satranç ve spor gibi profesyonel uzmanlık alanlarında kasıtlı alıştırma ve uzman performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmalara yer verilerek uzmanlıkta kasıtlı alıştırmanın rolü incelenmiştir.

The Secret of Expertise: Talent or Deliberate Practice?

The main purpose of expertise studies is try to understand and explain the characteristics that distinguish people with exceptional or superior skills from other people in a particular domain (Ericsson and Smith 1991: 2). According to theory of deliberate practice, one of the theories put forward to explain expert performance, expert performance is the result of long term efforts by individuals to improve their performance (Ericsson et al 1993: 400). According to this, the individual differences observed in performance between different levels of expertise (eg, novices and masters) or the same group of experts (eg, elite artists) are closely related to the amount of deliberate practice by individuals. So far, the relationship between deliberate practice and expert performance has been studied in many different domains. The main aim of this review is to examine the role of deliberate practice in expertise, by examinig the relationship between deliberate practice and expert performance in the professional domains of expertise such as music, chess and sport.

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