Covid 19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Dünyada Şiddet ve Göç

Covid 19 Pandemisi, çatışma ve göçler üzerinde önemli etkileri olmuştur. Pandemi tüm ülkeleri etkilerken küresel ve sistemler arası ilişkileri, çatışma tarafları arasında ortak bir zemin oluşturmayı zorlaştırmıştır. Pandemi sırasında bölgesel ve küresel barışın sağlanması mümkün olmamıştır. Pandeminin siyasi, sosyal, ekonomik açıdan da çok yönlü ve önemli sonuçları olmuştur. Pandemi sürecinde dünya genelinde savaş ve çatışma gibi şiddet türlerinde azalmalar görülürken sivillere karşı işlenen eylemlerde artış yaşanmıştır. Pandemi döneminde başta sosyal izolasyon olmak üzere tüm tedbirlere rağmen ülke içinde ve ülke dışına göç eden insan sayısında artış gerçekleşmiştir. İç çatışmaların yaşandığı ülkeler ulusal güvenlik için harcamaları gereken maddi ve manevi enerjilerinin önemli kısmını pandemi ile mücadeleye harcamışlardır. Bu çalışma, tarama modelinde betimsel bir araştırmadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Pandeminin yaşandığı süreçte dünyadaki şiddet ve göç olaylarının dağılışını ve yoğunluğunu incelemektir. Çalışmada harita, tablo ve grafiklerle mevcut durum hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir.

Violence and Migration in the World During the Covid 19 Pandemic Process

The Covid 19 Pandemic has had significant effects on conflict and migration. While the pandemic affected all countries, its global and inter-system relations made it difficult to establish a common ground between the conflict parties. It has not been possible to achieve regional and global peace during the pandemic. The pandemic has had multifaceted and important consequences in terms of political, social and economic aspects. While there has been a decrease in the types of violence such as war and conflict throughout the world during the pandemic process, there has been an increase in the actions against civilians. Despite all the measures, especially social isolation, during the pandemic period, there has been an increase in the number of people migrating inside and outside the country. Countries with internal conflicts have spent a significant part of their material and moral energies, which they need to spend for national security, on the fight against the pandemic. This study is a descriptive research in survey model. The aim of the study is to examine the distribution and intensity of violence and migration events in the world during the pandemic. In the study, information about the current situation is given with maps, tables and graphics.

PDF

___

ACAPS. (2020). COVID-19 Impact on Yemen–Update. Geneva: ACAPS.
Acled. (2020). “Number of organized violent events by country-month-year”. https://acleddata.com/curated-data-files/.: Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED). Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED), “Number of organized violent events by country-month-year”, 2020, https://acleddata.com/curated-data-files/. adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Acled. (2021). https://acleddata.com/data-export-tool/ adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Acled. (2021). https://acleddata.com/#/dashboard adresinden 08.12. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Acled Data. (2021). https://acleddata.com/2020/08/04/a-great-and-sudden-change-the-global-politicalviolence- landscape-before-and-after-the-covid-19-pandemic/ adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Africa Center. (2021). https://africacenter.org/daily-media-review/africa-media-review-for-november- 4-2020/ adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Amerikanın Sesi. (2021). https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/pandemi-okullarda-siddet-ve-genc-yastahamileligi- arttirdi/5981057.html adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Anadolu Ajansı. (2021). BM: Çatışmalar Kovid-19'la mücadele çabalarını zorlaştırıyor: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/bm-catismalar-kovid-19la-mucadele-cabalarinizorlastiriyor/ 2254565 adresinden 22.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Bader, J. (2021). CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/10/opinions/9-11-war-on-terror-covid- 19/index.html adresinden 25.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
BBC News. (2021). “Coronavirus: Idlib’s First COVID-19 Case Raises Fears for Syria Camps,”: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53358569. adresinden 25.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
CDC. (2021). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Risk and Protective Factors Intimate Partner Violence. Violence prevention. :https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/riskprotectivefactors.html . adresinden 21.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
CIA. (2021). https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/countrycomparison/ adresinden 07.02. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
CRP. (2020). Conflict Research Programme: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/103841/1/CRP_covid_19_in_Syria_policy_memo_published.pdf adresinden 25.03. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Davies, G., Guenfoud, I., & Jovano, D. (2021, 09 20). 'Shadow Pandemic': Domestic abuse reports soar during Europe's coronavirus crisis. https://abcnews.go.com/International/shadow-pandemicdomestic- abuse-reports-soar-europes-coronavirus/story?id=76325386 adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Dixon, T. H., & vd. (2015). “Synchronous failure: the emerging causal architecture of global crisis”. Ecology and Society.
Gharibah, M., & Mehchy, Z. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Syria’s Response and Healthcare. London: The London School of Economıcs and Polıtıcal Scıence. Conflict Research Programme:http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/103841/1/CRP_covid_19_in_Syria_policy_memo_published .pdf adresinden 25.03. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Gorbalenya, A. v. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: the species and its vi-ruses. A Statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. Bio Rxiv.
Göksedef, E. (2021). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-52208675 adresinden 08.02. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Group, T. I. (2020). COVID-19 and Conflict: Seven Trends to Watch . New York. https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/sb4-covid-19-and-conflict-seven-trends-watch adresinden 11.02. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Hobbes, T. ( 1987). De Cive. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press,.
Hobbes, T. (1992). Leviathan . İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
IDCM. (2021). https://www.internaldisplacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/IDMC_Annual %20Report_2020.pdf adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
IDMC. (2021). https://www.internal-displacement.org/media-centres/millions-of-people-forced-fromtheir- homes-face-dual-hardship-of-covid-19 adresinden 14.02. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Alert. (2021). https://www.international-alert.org/news/covid-19-and-peacebuilding adresinden 13.02. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
JHU. (2021). https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html adresinden 08.12. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir. Karasar, N. (2014). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel.
Kiley, S. (2020). Experts fear Yemen could suffer one of the world's worst coronavirus outbreaks. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/04/middleeast/yemen-coronavirus-intl/index.html adresinden 05.06. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Kılıç, Y. (2014). Hobbes, Locke Ve Rousseau’da “Doğa Durumu” Düşüncesi. Temaşa Erciyes Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Dergisi, 97-117.
Kishi, R. (2021). The Pandemıc’s Impact On Global Conflıct And Demonstratıon Trends: https://acleddata.com/acleddatanew/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ACLED_A-Year-of- COVID19_April2021.pdf adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Mercy Corps. (2021). Advancıng Peace ın A Changed World: https://www.mercycorps.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/Advancing_Peace_COVID- 19_and_Conflict_Sept-2020_0.pdf adresinden 11.02. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Mordechai, L., & Eisenberg, M. (2019). Rejecting Catastrophe: The Case of the Justinianic Plague. Past & Present, 3-50.
Moyer , J., & Kaplan, O. (2021). Will the Coronavirus Fuel Conflict? https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/06/coronavirus-pandemic-fuel-conflict-fragile-stateseconomy- food-prices/ adresinden 22.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Mulroy, M., Oehlerich, E., & Blair, A. (2021). COVID-19 & Conflict in the Middle East. https://www.mei.edu/publications/covid-19-conflict-middle-east adresinden 19.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Mustasilta, K. (2020). From Bad To Worse? The Impact(S) Of Covıd-19 On Conflıct Dynamıcs. Paris: The European Union Institute for Security Studies.
News UN. (2021). Deputy UN chief pushes Security Council on global ceasefire, to fight ‘common enemy’: https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/11/1076792 adresinden 15.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
OECD. (2020). Women at the core of the fight against COVID-19. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
OECD. (2021). https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SHA# adresinden 08.02. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Our World in Data. (2021). https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-dataexplorer? tab=map&facet=none&Interval=Cumulative&Relative+to+Population=true&Align+o utbreaks=false&country=~OWID_WRL&Metric=Confirmed+cases adresinden 08.12. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Pew (2021). In Their Own Words, Americans Describe the Struggles and Silver Linings of the COVID- 19 Pandemic: https://www.pewresearch.org/2021/03/05/in-their-own-words-americans-describethe- struggles-and-silver-linings-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/ adresinden 10.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Polo, S. (2020). A Pandemic of Violence? The Impact of COVID-19 on Conflict. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 1-13.
Posen , B. (2021). Do Pandemics Promote Peace? Why Sickness Slows the March to War. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-04-23/do-pandemics-promote-peace adresinden 11.02. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Rohner, D. (2020). COVID-19 and Conflict: Major Risks and Policy Responses. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy.
Rustad , S., Nygård, H., & Methi , F. (2020). Are the Coronavirus Ceasefires Working? PRIO Conflict Trends. Oslo: Peace Research Institute.
Shonkoff, J. (2020). “Stress, Resilience, and the Role of Science: Responding to the Coronavirus Pandemic”. Cambridge: Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University,.
Sirgany , S., & Kiley, S. (2021). “Coronavirus Death Rates in Yemen’s Aden Could Exceed its Wartime Fatalities,”. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/12/middleeast/yemen-coronavirus-deathsintl/ index.html adresinden 23.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Stark, A. (2021). COVID-19 Is This Generation's 9/11. Let's Make Sure We Apply the Right Lessons. https://www.newamerica.org/political-reform/reports/politics-policymaking/covid-19-is-thisgenerations- 911-lets-make-sure-we-apply-the-right-lessons/ adresinden 24.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
T.C. Sağlık B. (2021). https://www.seyahatsagligi.gov.tr/Site/HaberDetayi/2197 adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
U.S. Global Leadershıp Coalıtıon. (2021). https://www.usglc.org/coronavirus/conflict/ adresinden 14.02. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
UN News. (2021). “’Alarming’ Military Build-up Underway in Libya, as COVID-19 Heightens Insecurity,”: https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/05/1064422 . adresinden 23.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
UNHCR. (2021). Humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan: https://www.unhcr.org/ adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
UNHCR. (2021). https://www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/globaltrends/ adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
UNHCR. (2021). “Libya: Humanitarian Crisis Worsening Amid Deepening Conflict and COVID-19 Threat,” UN High Commissioner on Refugees, April 3, 2020,: https://www.unhcr.org/enus/ news/briefing/2020/4/5e86f2cc4/libya-humani adresinden 21.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
UNHCR Trends. (2021). Global Trends Forced Dısplacement in 2020: https://www.unhcr.org/flagshipreports/ globaltrends/?web=1&wdLOR=c89BC7E57-F330-4CAD-8ACC-8103A7B28AAB adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
UNICEF. (2021). https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/covid-19-and-conflict-deadly-combination adresinden 10.02. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
UNICEF. (2021). A Web of Insecurity: Gendered risks and vulnerabilities for children on the move during the COVID-19 pandemic: https://data.unicef.org/resources/a-web-of-insecurity-genderedrisks- vulnerabilities-children-on-the-move-covid-19/ adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
UN Women .(2021). The Shadow Pandemic: Violence against women during COVID-19: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/in-focus-gender-equality-in-covid-19- response/violence-against-women-during-covid-19 adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Vision on Humanity. (2021). https://www.visionofhumanity.org/the-covid-19-pandemic-and-theimpact- on-violence/ adresinden 10.02. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Wade, N. (2010). https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/health/01plague.html. adresinden 31.10. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
WHO. (2003). Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. Cenevre: Dünya Sağlık Örgütü.
WHO. (2021). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Cenevre: Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. https://www.who.int/health-topics/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirusmers# tab=tab_1 adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
WHO. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), situation report-51. Cenevre: World Health Organization (WHO).
Zimmer, C. (2021). https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html adresinden 20.09. 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.