Azot ve Kükürt Beslenmesinin Buğday Tanesine Çinko ve Demir Taşınmasındaki Rolü

Son yıllarda yapılan araştırma sonuçları, tahıl tanelerinin mineral element (çinko ve demir) konsantrasyonları bakımından fakir olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu nedenle tahılların beslenme kalitesinin arttırılması gerekmektedir. Buğdayda tane verimi ve protein konsantrasyonuna, azot ve kükürt beslenmesinin önemli etki yaptığı bilinmektedir. Bazı fiziksel ve moleküler mekanizmalardan dolayı bitkilerin azot beslenme statüleri çinko ve demir alımlarını ve birikimini etkileyen en önemli kompenent olduğu gösterilmektedir. Buğdayın kükürt ihtiyacı azota göre azdır. Ancak, kükürt eksikliğinde protein olmayan azotlu bileşikler (asparagine, glutamine) birikmekte, kükürt içeren amino asitlerin (sistein, methionine) sentezi ve tanedeki birikimleri azalmaktadır. Buğday tanesinin çinko (ve demir) içeriğinin arttırılması çabaları; çinkonun kök bölgesinden absorbsiyonu, kökten bitki dokularına taşınması, floemde taşınımı, çinkonun bitkinin vejetatif dokusundan gelişmekte olan tohuma taşınması ve tohumda çinkonun depolanması gibi, süreçlerdeki bilgi eksikliğinden dolayı engellenmektedir. Literatürde artan kanıtlar, yukarıda sayılan faktörlerin azotlu gübreleme veya bitkinin azot metabolizması tarafından etkilendiğini işaret etmektedir. Son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalarda, tanenin çinko ve demir konsantrasyonunun, azot uygulamasıyla arttırılabileceği ve çinko ve azot uygulamalarının makarnalık buğdayın tane çinko konsantrasyonunun arttırılmasında sinerjik etki yaptığı belirtilmiştir. Çinkonun floem yoluyla taneye taşınabilmesi için, kükürt içeren amino asitlerle ligand oluşturması gerektiği belirtilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, buğday tanesinde çinko ve demir birikiminde, azot ve kükürt beslenmesinin önemi vurgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Buğday, azot, kükürt, çinko, demir, kalite

The Role of Nitrogen and Sulphur Nutrition on Zinc and Iron Transport to Wheat Grain

Research results in recent years, revealed that cereal grains are low in mineral element (zinc and iron) concentrations. Therefore, improving the quality of nutrition is required. Significant effects of nitrogen and sulphur nutrition on grain yield and protein concentration of wheat were reported. Nitrogen nutrition of plants appears to be a critical component for an effective bio-fortification of food crops with Zn and Fe due to several physiological and molecular mechanisms. The sulphur requirement of wheat is lower than nitrogen. However, in case of sulphur deficiency, nitrogenous compounds (asparagines, glutamine) are accumulated, S-containing amino acid (sistein, methionine) synthesis and accumulation decreased in grain. Efforts to increase the Zn concentration (and Fe) in wheat grain are root uptake, root-toshoot transport, phloem loading, remobilization of Zn from source tissues into developing seeds and seed deposition of Zn. Researches provide increasing evidences about possible effects of nitrogenous fertilization on plant nitrogen mechanisms of the above mentioned factors. Recently, it has been reported that grain concentration of Zn and Fe can be enhanced by increasing the nitrogen (N) supply and N and Zn applications have a synergistic effect on grain Zn concentration of durum wheat. Zinc needs to form ligand with S-containing amino acids in order to be carried by phloem. In this study, the importance of nitrogen and sulfur nutrition on zinc and iron accumulation in the grain of wheat has emphasized.

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