Sitophilus oryzae(L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ve Tribolium castaneum(Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)'un kontrolünde neem yağının nano emülsiyonlarının ve fizikokimyasal tanımlanması ve formülasyonu

Bu çalışmada, Sitophilus oryzae(L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ve Tribolium castaneum(Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) erginlerin mücadelesinde kullanmak için çevre dostu nano emülsiyon formülasyonlarının geliştirilmesini amaçlanmıştır. Emülsiyon formülasyonu, düşük enerjili emülsiyonlaşma yöntemi kullanılarak neem yağından [Azadirachta indicaA. Juss (Sapindales: Meliacear)], iyonik olmayan yüzey aktif maddeden (alkilpoliglukosid veya polisorbat 80) ve sudan oluşturulmuştur. Dört formülasyon seçilmiş ve fizikokimyasal çapı 208-507 nm olan partikül boyutu aralığı ile karakterize edilmiştir. Biyoassay çalışmaları, besine ve filtre kağıdına emdirme yöntemleri kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Besine emdirme yöntemi ile,2.0 mL/kg azadirachtin konsantrasyonlu polisorbat yüzey aktif maddeden oluşan formülasyonasadece 24 saatlikuygulamadaS. oryzaeerginlerinin %100 ölümü gerçekleşmiştir. Kasım 2014 ile Aralık 2015 tarihleri arasında Universiti Putra Malaysiatoksikoloji laboratuvarında yürütülen toksikolojik çalışmalar,S. oryzaeerginlerininölüm zamanlarınınmedyan değerlerine göre 2.0 mL/kg neem yağı içeren nano-emülsiyon formülasyonlarına T. castaneumerginlerinden daha duyarlıolduklarınıgöstermiştir.

Formulation and physicochemical characterization of neem oil nanoemulsionsfor control of Sitophilus oryzae(L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum(Herbst, 1797)(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

This report describes the development of environmentally-benign nanoemulsion formulations for control of adult Sitophilus oryzae(L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The formulations were emulsions of neem [Azadirachta indicaA. Juss (Sapindales: Meliaceae)] oil, nonionic surfactant (alkylpolyglucoside or polysorbate 80), and water using low-energy emulsification method. Four formulations were chosen and physicochemical characterization showed a particle size range of 208-507 nm in diameter. Bioassays were conducted using food and filter paper impregnation methods. The formulation comprised of polysorbate surfactant with 2.0 mL/kg azadirachtin caused a 100% mortality of S. oryzaeadults after only 24 h of exposure, with the food impregnation method. The toxicological studies carried out at Universiti Putra Malaysia toxicology laboratory between November 2014 and December 2015 indicated that S. oryzaeadults were more susceptible than T. castaneumadults to nanoemulsion formulations including 2.0 mL/kg azadirachtin according to median lethal times.

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