AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NDEN AYRILMA HAKKI VE BREXIT SÜRECİ

Lizbon Antlaşması’nın yürürlüğe girmesinden önce Avrupa Birliği’nden ayrılma hakkına ilişkin bir düzenleme bulunmadığından, Viyana Antlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi kapsamında değerlendirme yapmak gerekmekte idi. Lizbon Antlaşması’nın 50. maddesi ile üye devletlerin tek taraflı olarak ayrılma talebinde bulunabilmelerine ilişkin düzenleme getirilmiştir. Söz konusu hüküm kapsamında ilk ayrılma bildirimini ise Birleşik Krallık yapmıştır. Ayrılmaya ilişkin süreç henüz tam netleşmemişken doktrinde tartışmalar devam etmekte, Birleşik Krallık ise Büyük Fesih Yasası ile geçişin olumsuz etkilerini en aza indirgemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada Lizbon öncesi dönemde AB’den ayrılma hakkına ilişkin incelemeler yapıldıktan sonra, ABA madde 50 hükmündeki düzenlemelerin değerlendirilmesi yapılmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda Birleşik Krallık hükümetinin yapmış olduğu çalışmalar ve yasama faaliyetleri ile doktrindeki tartışmalar ele alınarak, ayrılmanın etki ve sonuçlarının kapsamı değerlendirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Avrupa Birliği, Ayrılma, Brexit, Birleşik Krallık, Lizbon Antlaşması, Madde 50

The Right to Withdraw from The European Union and The Brexit Process

Since there was no regulation about the right to withdraw from the European Union before the Lisbon Treaty entered into force, it was necessary to make an assessment under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. With the article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, an arrangement has been introduced that member states should be able to request unilateral separation. The United Kingdom has made the first withdrawal notification under the relevant provision. While the process of separation is not prominent yet, the debate continues and the United Kingdom aims to reduce the negative effects of the withdrawal with the Great Repeal Bill. After analysing the right to withdraw from the EU in the pre-Lisbon period, the regulations under article 50 of the TEU has been assessed in the study. In this context the extent of the impacts and consequences of the withdrawal will be evaluated by discussing the legislations of UK and debates in doctrine.

Keywords:

European Union, Withdrawal, Brexit, United Kingdom, Lisbon Treaty, Article 50,

PDF

___

Akçadağ Alagöz, Emine, “Avrupa Birliği ve Grönland”, 20 Kasım 2009, http:// www.bilgesam.org/incele/805/-avrupa-birligi-ve-gronland/#.WRGoSeXyiUk, Erişim Tarihi: 09.05.2017.
Akehurst, Michael “Withdrawal from International Organizations”, Current Legal Problems, Cilt 32, No 1, 1979, s. 143-154.
Avrupa İçin Bir Anayasa Oluşturan Antlaşma Taslağı, https://www.bumko.gov. tr/Eklenti/2850,anayasatrdoc.DOC?0, Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2017.
Barber, Nick, Hickman, Tom ve King, Jeff, “Pulling the Article 50 ‘Trigger’: Parliament’s Indispensable Role”, https://ukconstitutionallaw. org/2016/06/27/nick-barber-tom-hickman-and-jeff-king-pulling-the-article50-trigger-parliaments-indispensable-role/, Erişim Tarihi: 03.07.2017.
Berglund, Sara, “Prison or Voluntary Cooperation? The Possibility of Withdrawal from the European Union”, Scandinavian Political Studies, Cilt 29, No 2, 2006, s. 147-167.
Bilgin, A. Aslı, “Avrupa Birliğinden Çekilme Hakkı: Sonun Başlangıcı Mı?”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 18, Sayı 3-4, 2014, s. 205-253.
Brexit: Six months on, The UK in a Changing Europe, http://ukandeu.ac.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Brexit-Six-months-on.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2017.
Brunner v European Union Treaty, http://www.judicialstudies.unr.edu/JS_ Summer09/JSP_Week_1/German%20ConstCourt%20Maastricht.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2017.
Burri, Thomas, “Brexit Addendum: Why the ‘Great Repeal Bill’ Will Not Be So Great”, 2017, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=2966683, Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2017.
Case 7/71, Commission v. France,http:// curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf. jsf?text=&docid=88118&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ= first&part= 1&cid=731909, Erişim tarihi: 12.04.2017.
Craig, Paul, “Brexit: A Drama in Six Acts”, European Law Review, Cilt 41, No 4, 2016, http://law.indiana.edu/what/advance-knowledge/vibrant-community/ assets/craig-brexit.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017.
Craig, Paul, “The Process: Brexit and Anatomy of Article 50”, F. Fabbrini (der.), The Law and Politics of Brexit, Oxford University Press, 2017, Chapter 3.
Curtice, John, Brexit: Behind the Referandum, Temmuz 2016, http:// journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2041905816666122, Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2017.
Çamlıca, Ferhat, “Avrupa Birliği ve Ekonomik Parasal Birlikten Ayrılmanın Lizbon Antlaşması Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt 11, No 1, 2012, s. 25-40.
Douglas-Scott, Sionaidh, “Brexit, Article 50 and the Contested British Constitution”, The Modern Law Review, Cilt 79, No 6, 2016, s. 1019-1040.
European Commission, Annex to the Recommendation for a Council Decision, 2017, par.24, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/annexrecommendation-uk-eu-negotiations_3-may-2017_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2017.
European Union Act, Section 4: Cases where treaty or Article 48(6) decision attracts a referendum, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/12/ contents, Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2017.
Friel, Raymond J., “Providing A Constitutional Framework for Withdrawal From The EU: Article 59 of the Draft European Constitution”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Cilt 53, No 2, 2004, s. 407-428.
Green, David Allen, “Can an Article 50 notification be revoked?”, 18 Ekim 2016, http://blogs.ft.com/david-allen-green/2016/10/18/can-an-article-50- notification-be-revoked/?mhq5j=e3, Erişim Tarihi: 04.07.2017.
Günuğur, Haluk, Lizbon Antlaşması Sonrasında Avrupa Bütünleşmesi, Avrupa Ekonomik Danışma Merkezi, Ankara, 2012.
Hestermeyer, Holger P., “How Brexit Will Happen: A Brief Primer on EU Law and Constitutional Law Questions Raised by Brexit”, Journal of International Arbitration, 2016, Cilt 33, Sayı 4/1, s. 429-450.
Hill, John, “The European Economic Community: The Right of Member State Withdrawal”, Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law, Cilt 12, 1982, s. 335-357.
House of Lords, The Process of Withdrawing from The European Union, 11th Report of Session 2015-16, https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ ld201516/ldselect/ldeucom/138/138.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2017.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/ newsid_2499000/2499297.stm, http://www.historyextra.com/article/ international-history/1975-referendum, Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2017.
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-36620375, 24 Haziran 2016, Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2017.
https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeucom/82/8214. htm#_idTextAnchor110, Erişim Tarihi: 18.07.2017.
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/eu-speech-at-bloomberg, 23 Ocak 2013, Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2017.
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/24/david-cameron-resignsafter-uk-votes-to-leave-european-union, Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2017.
Hunt, Alex ve Wheeler, Brian, Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU, 30 Mart 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887, Erişim Tarihi: 03.07.2017.
Jacqué, Jean Paul, “The Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms”, Common Market Law Review, Cilt 48, 2011, s. 995-1023.
Johansen, Ove ve Sørensen, Carsten Lehmann, “Greenland’s Way Out Of The European Community”, The World Today, Cilt 39, No 7/8, 1983, s. 270-277.
Kochenov, Dimitry, “EU Citizenship and Withdrawals from the Union: How Inevitable is the Radical Downgrading of Rights?”, LSE ‘Europe in Question’ Discussion Paper Series No 111/2016, Haziran 2016. http://www.lse.ac.uk/ europeanInstitute/LEQS%20Discussion%20Paper%20Series/LEQSPaper111. pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2017
Legislating for the United Kingdom’s Withdrawal from the European Union, Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union by Command of Her Majesty, 2017, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/604516/Great_repeal_bill_white_paper_accessible. pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 07.07.2017.
MacCormick, Neil, “The Maastricht-Urteil: Sovereignty Now”, European Law Journal, Cilt 1, No 3, 1995, s. 259-266.
Miller, Vaughne, Brexit Unknowns, House of Commons Library Briefing Paper, 9 Kasım 2016, http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP7761/CBP-7761.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 06.07.2017.
Miller, Vaughne, Lang, Arabella ve Simson-Caird, Brexit: Article 50 TEU and the EU Court, House of Commons Library Briefing Paper, 14 Kasım 2016, ,http:// researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7763/CBP-7763.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24.06.2017.
Nicolaides, Phedon, “Withdrawal From The European Union: A Typology of Effects”, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, Cilt 20, No 2, 2013, s. 209-219.
R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport, https://publications. parliament.uk/pa/ld199899/ldjudgmt/jd991028/factor-1.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2017.
R (Miller) -v- Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, Case No: CO/3809/2016 and CO/3281/2016, 03.11.2016, https://www.judiciary.gov. uk/judgments/r-miller-v-secretary-of-state-for-exiting-the-european-unionaccessible/, Erişim Tarihi: 14.07.2016.
R (on the application of Miller and another) (Respondents) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, UKSC 2016/0196, 24.01.2017, https://www. supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2016-0196.html, Erişim Tarihi: 14.07.2017.
Raucea, Chiara, “Fundamental Rights: The Missing Pieces of European Citizenship”, German Law Journal, Cilt 14, No 10, Ekim 2013, s. 2021-2040.
Rieder, Clemens M., “The Withdrawal Clause of the Lisbon Treaty in the Light of EU Citizenship (Between Disintegration and Integration”, Fordham International Law Journal, Cilt 37, No 1, 2013, s. 147-174.
Rottman v. Bayern, C-135/08, 2 Mart 2010, par. 36. http:// c u r i a . e u r o p a . e u / j u r i s / d o c u m e n t / d o c u m e n t . j s f ; j s e s s i o n i d = 9ea7d0f130d563a994befded4f008724f0fb2fc1ec79.e34KaxiLc3eQc40 LaxqMbN4PaxyOe0?text=&docid=75336&pageIndex=0&doclang= en&mode =lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=170785, Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2017.
Rottman v. Bayern, Opinion of Advocate General Poiares Maduro, par. 23. http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=72572& pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=172304, Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2017.
Ryatt, Jake, “The Irrevocability of an Article 50 Notification: Lex Specialis and the Irrelevance of the Purpoted Customary Right to Unilaterally Revoke”, https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2016/07/27/jake-rylatt-the-irrevocability-ofan-article-50-notification-lex-specialis-and-the-irrelevance-of-the-purportedcustomary-right-to-unilaterally-revoke/, Erişim Tarihi: 04.07.2017.
Sinclair, Ian, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Manchester University Press, 1973.
Swaine, Edward, “Can’t Britain Exit Brexit?”, 5 Nisan 2017, http://opiniojuris. org/2017/04/05/33056/, Erişim Tarihi: 05.07.2017.
Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, http://www. ab.gov.tr/files/ardb/evt/1_avrupa_birligi/1_3_antlasmalar/1_3_1_kurucu_ antlasmalar/1957_treaty_establishing_eec.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 11.04.2017.
Treaty of Rome, https://ec.europa.eu/romania/sites/romania/files/tratatul_ de_la_roma.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 09.05.2017.
Tridimas, Takis, “Article 50: An Endgame without an End”, King’s Law Journal, Cilt 27, No 3, 2016, s. 297-313.
Weiler, Joseph H. H., “Alternatives to Withdrawal from an International Organization: The Case of the European Economic Community”, Israel Law Review, Cilt 20, No 1, 1985, s. 282-298.
Yearbook of International Law Commission Volume II, United Nations Publication, New York, 1964, http://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/ english/ilc_1966_v2.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2017.
Young, Alison, “Brexit, Article 50 and the ‘Joys’ of a Flexible, Evolving, Uncodified Constitution”, Legal Aspects of Withdrawal from the EU: A Briefing Note, University of Oxford Legal Research Paper Series, Temmuz 2016.