TRANSLATION STRATEGIES ACCORDING TO SMITH/KLEIN BRALEY DISCUSSED USING TRANSLATION OF ADVERTISEMENTS INTO TURKISH

The translation of advertisements should be regarded as a special field within Translation Studies. They have a specific intention with regard to the recipient due to their appellative character. These advertising texts and slogans are meant to influence behavior and include marketing strategies. As a result of globalization, products are marketed globally and companies endeavor to use their commercials and advertising texts internationally in order to avoid production cost for advertisement campaigns. Due to the high demand in this field, there are translation offices specialized in this area. Advertisements are peculiar in so far as their texts and the associated visual materials carry a special function within the complex entity that is the culture they were conceived in. Cultural difference as well as linguistic peculiarities must be considered with regard to their impact in the target language and target culture. The translator should be able to cross cultural barriers and should have the skill to produce creative texts which work in the new market. The translation of persuasive advertising texts is a challenge for the translator. It requires different approaches towards the source materials. The present work endeavors to evaluate how well the “five-stepsmethods” developed by Smith/Klein-Braley can be applied to persuasive advertising texts. Using examples, the importance of localization for advertising texts will be illustrated The playfulness and linguistic creativity of advertising texts possible in the source language poses a challenge to the translator, because he has to be mindful of whether and how each unit and its function can be transferred into the target language. The aim of advertising is to sell a high volume of a product. The translation of advertising text demands specific knowledge about this type of text from the translator as they have distinct functions and intentions due to their appellative character. These texts attempt to influence behavior and contain persuasive messages (Eco, 1972) which are embedded into the advertisement. The present work endeavors to exemplify the translation of advertisements by looking at a comparison between Turkish and German, by doing so the applicability of the “Five-step-strategy” will be discussed. The impact of an advertisement is created through a combination of visuals and text, which were conceived within a distinct culture. Depending on the medium, whether it is in the newspaper, on TV, on the radio or the Internet, music might also come into play. The semantic content of words which are supposed to elicit certain mental images within the recipient are emphasized by visual depiction and melody in order to reinforce the suggestive-persuasive powers. According to what media was chosen and the emotional state of the target group a decision on the unit of translation must be taken. Images on billboards as well as commercials must be scrutinized sensitively with the cultural reality, norms, conventions, etc. of the target culture in mind as they might otherwise trigger negative associations and protests. For instance, the commercial for “Protex shower gel” was pulled from television shortly after its first airing, because the unshaven armpit of the father in the commercial offended Turkish morals and triggered a backlash. Scenes from an Oreo cookie commercial were censored briefly after the first airing (scenes involving licking - “the you lick it”- and scenes in which the two halves of the cookie are placed on top of each other suggesting a kiss - “like a kiss”). The last scene of the new Oreo Cornetto (2016) commercial in which a couple give each other a long kiss was cut because it was culturally inappropriate. The slogan for Oreo Cornetto is “Ilk öpücük benden olsun! (The first kiss is from me!). Commercials in other languages show that the word “kiss” creates the link between the different advertised products something that’s missing in the Turkish instance. The slogan was kept for the ice cream commercial because adults are the main target group. The “Five-step-strategy” was conceived by translation studies scholars Veronica Smith and Christine Klein-Braley in 1997 specifically for the translation of advertising texts. Their second strategy, called “export commercials”, includes keeping commercial slogans in the original. In those characteristics of nations are associated with products (Volkswagen, Fakir, Opel and commercials for other brands on the Turkish market). Germans are hard-working, reliable and German products stand out because of their quality, new designs, modern technology and longevity. German cars are safe, comfortable, economical and environmentally friendly. By keeping the German-language slogans the properties of the product are emphasized. The commercials also use the original pronunciation of the slogans. Another possibility to reflect the quality of the product through allusions to a nationality is, for example, the “Lita” lemonade commercial by Doganay (Turkish product), in which a German experts of KHS GmbH talks about the glass PET bottles (CamPET). Commercials and several print media were included in this work. Translators of advertisements are faced with the difficult challenge of mastering all the individual decisions about the various factors involved in the interpretation of translation units for specific communities. The “Five-step-strategy” by Smith and Klein-Braley is very well applicable in this area. In some cases, however, when competing products, for example, already exist in the target market, localization needs to be undertaken. Consumers in the target country will not accept a less localized product. Translators of advertising texts necessarily require the visual materials alongside the text, in order to be able to take appropriate decisions as language and culture experts. The adjustment of image and text must be guaranteed, because they function in tandem. Pym (2006: 2) is of the opinion that adjusting images, colors and symbols is part of localization as well as being a part of the field of translation studies. Göpferich (2002:336) maintains that translation and localization are synonymous. The functionalist perspective within the field of translation studies demands that the target text must be adjusted to the linguistic as well as cultural and technical reality of the target culture. Göpferich is of the opinion that the cultural competences obtained by students during their studies turn them into localization experts. They learn to localize linguistically by translating appropriately with regard to function and recipient according to Skopos theory. In addition, they have knowledge about function-oriented translation (Hönig/Kußmaul) and about translatorial action (Holz/Mänttäri) which they can bring to bear when needed. However, some factors like image, color or sound, for example, are not touched on during their course of study. A translator of advertising texts must specialize in this respect after graduation. The necessary foundations are laid during their studies. It would be best if translators of advertising texts could work in localization teams. This is because localization is a marketing strategy of the advertising industry, something for which translators are not specifically trained.