SAADİA GAON'UN HAYATI VE ARAPÇA TEVRAT TERCÜMESİ

Monoteist inanca sahip bir toplum olarak Yahudiler asırlar boyunca İslâmiyet'in hâkim olduğu topraklarda huzur ve barış içerisinde yaşamışlar ve kendilerine sağlanan müsamaha ile İslâm devletlerinin bireyleri olarak her türlü alanda faaliyet göstermişlerdir. X. yüzyıl İslâm toplumunda yaşamış olan Saadia Gaon, Ortaçağ Yahudi düşünce dünyasının ileri gelen en önemli âlimlerindendir. O, hem dînî hem de edebî ilimler sahasında yazmış olduğu onlarca eseri ile yetkinliğini göstermiş bir otoritedir. Bu yetkinliğini Talmud akademisi başkanlığıyla taçlandırmış, hem kendi döneminde insanlara yol göstermiş hem de yazdığı eserlerle sonraki dönemlere ışık tutmuştur. Başyapıtı Kitâbu'l Emânât ve'l 'İtikâdât ile Yahudi imanına esas olan hususların rasyonel ayaklarını belirlemeye çalışmış, vahiy ile aklın uyumu üzerinde durmuştur. Yahudiliğin yazılı ve sözlü kaynaklarının aklî temellerini oluşturmaya çalışmıştır. İnananların kalplerindeki şüpheleri dağıtmak ve karşıt görüşleri çürütmek için zorunlu gördüğü bu çalışmayı dînî bir vecîbe olarak algılamıştır. Yahudi düşünce dünyasında ilk defa görülen bu çaba ona Ortaçağ Yahudi Felsefesinin Babası ünvanını getirmiştir. Ayrıca, Rabbânî Yahudiliğin savunucusu olarak, Tanah ve Talmud'un güvenilir kaynaklar olarak kabul edilmesinin gerekliliği üzerinde durmuş ve farklı dinlerdeki karşıt görüşlerle ve Karaîm mezhebiyle mücadele etmiştir. Araştırmamızın ana ekseni, gerçekleştirdiği tüm faaliyetlerle Rabbânî Yahudilik anlayışında önemli bir noktada duran Saadia Gaon ve onun Arapça Tevrat tercüme ve tefsiridir. Çalışmada ilk olarak Saadia Gaon'un hayatı incelenmiştir. Ardından eserleri hakkında kısaca bilgi verilmiş, Arapça Tevrat tercüme ve tefsirinin özellikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Sonuç bölümünde ise genel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır

SAADIA GAON'S LIFE AND HIS ARABIC TRANSLATION OF TORAH

When a different religious tradition is get to examine, it is really very important to explore the big persons that is sanctified by the believers and their impacts on the tradition and religion as addressingthe sources of the religion. In this way, you can get the opportunity to see the religion phenomenon from another perspective. Furthermore, individual contributions, comments or constructive critical approaches of effective, phenomenal and important religious figures to the culture will become supporting elements to understand the fundamental issues of the religion.The Jews, as a monotheistic society, had lived in peace and security in the Muslim territory for centuries. Within the tolerant athmosphere they were active in any area as members of Islamic states. Within this context, the main axis of our research is one of the most important scholars of Jewish thought at the Middle Ages Saʻīd bin Yūsuf al-Fayyūmi (mainly known as Saadia Gaon), who lived in the Islamic society in the 10th century.At the first part of our research,Saadia Gaon’s life is evaluated. He was a renowned scholar / author of Medieval Babylonian Judaism and the first Arabic translator and interpreter of Tanakh. He was born in Fayyūm (upper Egypt) in 882 and died in Baghdad in 942. We have not enough knowledge about early life of Saadia. He left his home to study Tanakh with the scholars of Tiberias in Palestine at a young age and lived for sometime in Palestine territory. In 921 a controversy arose concerning the Hebrew calendar between the Talmudic academies in Babylonia and Palestine. Rabbi Aaron ben Meir, the Gaon (head) of the leading Talmudic academy in Palestine claimed that the Babylonian Gaonim made an error in calculation of the feast days. According to him the first day of Passover would be on a Sunday, while according to the Talmudic academies in Babylonia it would be on Tuesday. In this disputation Saadia supported the Babylonian Gaonim. He was in Aleppo, on his way from theEast to Baghdad, when he learned of Ben Meir's claim of the Jewish calendar. Saadia addressed a warning to him and settled in Baghdad. He was knowledgeable about on astronomy and pointed to the mistakes made by Rabbi Aaron. In Baghdad, he wrote his "Seferha-Mo'adim" (Book of Festivals) and “Sefer ha Zikkarôn” (A Record Book) in which he refuted the claims of Ben Meir regarding the calendar. Finally the dispute was resolved and letters sent to all the Diaspora, and Babylonian Gaonim was restored the default with the great support given by Saadia. After this victory against Ben Meir, Saadia was acknowledged as a great scholar who has knowledge on religious matters and defender of Rabbinic Judaism. He received the honour of Alluf ( a title given to the scholars of the Babylonian Talmud academies who had the privilege of sitting in the first row) at the Pumbeditha Talmud Academy in Baghdad. Soon after, he became the gaon of the Sura Talmud cademy in Baghdad in 928. After accepting the role, he was known as Saadia Gaon.

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