SEM Observations and Morphometrics of the Cabbage Cyst Nematode, Heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945, Collected Where Brassica spp. Are Grown in Tabriz, Iran
During a survey of plant parasitic nematode biodiversity in vegetable fields of Tabriz, East Azerbaijan province, Iran between 2004 and 2005, 25 species belonging to 16 genera of nematodes were identified from 88 soil and root samples, among which a large population of the cyst nematode, Heterodera cruciferae, was found in most of the sampling regions. Cysts, males, and second-stage juveniles were extracted from field soils, and from the infected roots of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes) and white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. captita alba). The morphology of the cysts, second-stage juveniles, and males established the identity of Heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945. Morphological characters used for accurate identification included cyst shape, characteristics of the cyst terminal cone, including the nature of fenestration, and cyst wall pattern. Second-stage juvenile characters critical to the identification were body and stylet length, shape of stylet knobs, and shape and length of the tail and tail terminus; for males the important characters were stylet and spicule length. Comparison to other closely related species is also presented. Photomicrographs and SEM images of external and internal parts of the cysts are shown. This is a new record for H. cruciferae on cabbage in Iran.
SEM Observations and Morphometrics of the Cabbage Cyst Nematode, Heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945, Collected Where Brassica spp. Are Grown in Tabriz, Iran
During a survey of plant parasitic nematode biodiversity in vegetable fields of Tabriz, East Azerbaijan province, Iran between 2004 and 2005, 25 species belonging to 16 genera of nematodes were identified from 88 soil and root samples, among which a large population of the cyst nematode, Heterodera cruciferae, was found in most of the sampling regions. Cysts, males, and second-stage juveniles were extracted from field soils, and from the infected roots of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes) and white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. captita alba). The morphology of the cysts, second-stage juveniles, and males established the identity of Heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945. Morphological characters used for accurate identification included cyst shape, characteristics of the cyst terminal cone, including the nature of fenestration, and cyst wall pattern. Second-stage juvenile characters critical to the identification were body and stylet length, shape of stylet knobs, and shape and length of the tail and tail terminus; for males the important characters were stylet and spicule length. Comparison to other closely related species is also presented. Photomicrographs and SEM images of external and internal parts of the cysts are shown. This is a new record for H. cruciferae on cabbage in Iran.
___
- Basnet, C.B. and Jayaprakash, A. 1984. Heterodera raskii n. sp. (Heteroderidae: Tylenchina), a cyst nematode on grass from Hyderabad. Indian J. of Nematol. 16: 213-216.
- De Grisse, A.T. 1969. Redescription ou modification de quelqutes techniques phytoparasutaires. Meded. Rijksfaculteti der Landbouveten. Gen. 351-369. L; etude des nematode
- Golden, A.M. 1985. Morphology and identification of cyst nematodes. In: Cyst Nematodes. (eds. F. Lamberti & C. E. Taylor). Plenum Press, New York. pp. 23-46.
- Hirschmann, H. and Triantaphyllou, A.C. 1979. Morphological comparison of members of the Heterodera trifolii species complex. Nematologica. 25: 458-481.
- Jenkins, W.R. 1964. A rapid centrifugal-flotation technique for separating nematodes from soil. Plant Dis. Rep. 48, 692.
- Lax, P. and Doucet, M.E. 2002. New process for preparing heteroderid cysts for scanning electron microscopy. Nematology 4: 445-447.
- Mahdikhani Mogaddam, E. and Kheiri, A. 1995. Some plant parasitic nematodes fauna of sugar beet fields in Mashhad region. Iranian J. of Plant Pathol. 31: 58-68. (In Persian)
- Mathews, H.J.P. 1971. Morphology of the nettle cyst nematode Heterodera urticae Cooper, 1955. Nematologica. 16: 503-510.
- Mathews, H.J.P. 1975.Heterodera carotae. C.I.H. Descriptions of plant-parasitic nematodes, Set 5 no. 61.
- Mulvey, R.H. 1972. Identification of Heterodera cysts by terminal and cone top structures. Canadian J. of Zool. 50: 1277-1292.
- Niknam, G., Chenari, A. and Zahedi, H. 2004a. A preliminary evalution of population density of cabbage cyst nematode, Heterodera cruciferae in a cabbage field in Tabriz vicinity. In: Proceeding of the 16thIranian Plant Protection Congress. Vol. 2, p. 269.
- Niknam, G., Chenari, A. and Zahedi, H. 2004b. Occurrence of cabbage cyst nematode Heterodera cruciferae on cabbage in vegetable fields of Tabriz. In: Proceeding of the 16thIranian Plant Protection Congress, Vol. 2., p. 270.
- Pedram Far, H., Pourjam, E. and Kheiri, A. 2001. Plant parasitic nematodes associated with Rice in Gilan province, Iran. Iranian J. of Plant Pathology. 37: 285-301. (In Persian)
- Southey, J.F. 1986. Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil Nematodes (6th edn.). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Commerical Colour Press, London.
- Stone, A.R. and. Course, J.A. 1974. Heterodera goettingiana. C.I.H. Descriptions of plant-parasitic nematodes, Set 4 no. 47.
- Stone, A.R. and Rowe, J.A. 1976. Heterodera cruciferae. C.I.H. Descriptions of plant-parasitic nematodes Set 6 no. 90.
- Talachiyan, P., Akhyani, A., Grayeli, Z., Shahmohammadi, M. and Teimuri, F. 1976. Survey on cyst forming nematodes in Iran in 1975 and their importance. Iranian J. Plant Pathol. 12: 42-43.(In persian)
- Tanha Maafi, Z., Subbotin, S. A. and Moens, M. 2003. Molecular identification of cyst-forming nematodes (Heteroderidae) From Iran and a phylogeny based on ITS-rDNA sequences. Nematology. 5: 99-111.
- Whitehead, A.G. 1998. Plant Nematode Control. CAB International, London, U.K.
- Wouts, W.M. and Baldwin, J.G. 1998. Taxonomy and identification. In: The Cyst Nematodes (ed. S.B. Sharma), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 83-122.