Preliminary findings of behavioral patterns in captive alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) and prospects for future conservation
Captive farming of alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) in China has been used for conservation and harvesting of musk since the mid 1950s. Despite this long history, management practices and captive breeding have been primarily based on trial and error due to lack of behavioral and ecological information about this vulnerable species. Understanding behavioral patterns plays a vital part in determining appropriate management systems; hence the aim of this study was to determine the effect of captivity on behavioral patterns of alpine musk deer by comparing wild-caught and the captive-born alpine musk deer. From August 2002 to January 2003, the behavioral patterns of 30 wild-caught (WC) and 15 captive-bred (CB) adult alpine musk deer were recorded at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm (XMDF), located in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve, Gansu province, China. Focal sampling was used to observe the frequencies of 12 behavior categories. The behavioral patterns of WC and CB musk deer were found to be similar; however, when gender was considered, male WC deer showed a significantly higher frequency of agonistic interaction. These preliminary results suggest that captivity has had no immediate impact on the behavioral patterns of captive alpine musk deer despite 10 generations of captivity. Therefore, the alpine musk deer is not suited for domestication and further investigation into the effectiveness of musk deer farming for the purpose of harvesting musk should be undertaken.
Preliminary findings of behavioral patterns in captive alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) and prospects for future conservation
Captive farming of alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) in China has been used for conservation and harvesting of musk since the mid 1950s. Despite this long history, management practices and captive breeding have been primarily based on trial and error due to lack of behavioral and ecological information about this vulnerable species. Understanding behavioral patterns plays a vital part in determining appropriate management systems; hence the aim of this study was to determine the effect of captivity on behavioral patterns of alpine musk deer by comparing wild-caught and the captive-born alpine musk deer. From August 2002 to January 2003, the behavioral patterns of 30 wild-caught (WC) and 15 captive-bred (CB) adult alpine musk deer were recorded at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm (XMDF), located in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve, Gansu province, China. Focal sampling was used to observe the frequencies of 12 behavior categories. The behavioral patterns of WC and CB musk deer were found to be similar; however, when gender was considered, male WC deer showed a significantly higher frequency of agonistic interaction. These preliminary results suggest that captivity has had no immediate impact on the behavioral patterns of captive alpine musk deer despite 10 generations of captivity. Therefore, the alpine musk deer is not suited for domestication and further investigation into the effectiveness of musk deer farming for the purpose of harvesting musk should be undertaken.
___
- Curio, E.: Conservation needs ethology. Trends Ecol. Evol., 1996; 11: 260-263.
- Andersen, I.L., Nævdal, E., Bİe, K.E., Bakken, M.: The significance of theories in behavioral ecology for solving problems in applied ethology – Possibilities and limitations. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 2006; 97: 85-104.
- Håkansson, J., Bratt, C., Jensen, P.: Behavioral differences between two captive populations of red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) with different genetic background, raised under identical conditions. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 2007; 102: 24-38.
- Green, M.J.B.: Scent-marking in the Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster). J. Zool. (London), 1987; 1: 721-737.
- Wallace, M.P.: Retaining natural behavior in captivity for re- introduction programmes. In: Gosling, L.M., Sutherland, W.J. Eds., Behavior and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2000.
- Ricker, J.P., Skoog, L.A., Hirsch, J.: Domestication and the behavior-genetic analysis of captive populations. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 1987; 18: 91-103.
- Weller, S.H., Bennett, C.L.: Twenty-four hour activity budgets and patterns of behavior in captive ocelots (Leopardus pardalis). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 2001; 71: 67-79.
- Ryder, M.L.: Sheep. In Evolution of Domestic Animals. Published by Longman, London and New York. I.L. Mason, Editor.1984.
- Harri, M., Mononen, J., Ahola, L., Plyusnina, I., Rekilä, T.: Behavioral and physiological differences between silver foxes selected and not selected for domestic behavior. Anim. Welfare, 2003; 12: 305-314.
- Stoinski, T.S., Beck, B.B., Bloomsmith, M.A., Maple, T.L.: A behavioral comparison of captive-born, reintroduced golden lion tamarins and their wild-born offspring. Behaviour, 2003; 140: 137-160.