Laparoscopic sterilization vs. open method sterilization in dogs: a comparison of two techniques
Ten clinically healthy, adult male dogs randomly equally divided into 2 groups (I and II) were subjected to laparoscopic sterilization and open method castration under xylazine-ketamine anesthesia. In group I laparoscopic vasectomy by cauterization and cutting of the vas deferens was performed and in group II conventional open castration by the pre-scrotal approach was done. Insufflation of the abdominal cavity was achieved with CO2 (2 L/min) at 10 mmHg pressure gradient. Two ports were needed to carry out the operation. Clinical observations revealed no significant changes. Differential leukocyte count (DLC) revealed significant neutrophilia and comparative lymphopenia on the 3rd postoperative day in both the groups. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in plasma alkaline and acid phosphatase level was observed in both the groups on day 3 postoperatively. Indices of oxidative stress viz. lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione activity and acute phase protein, and ceruloplasmin level in plasma did not reveal any major significant changes. Plasma cortisol level did not show any significant change in group I whereas in group II the level increased significantly (P < 0.01) after the operation. No significant change in testosterone level was observed in group I whereas in group II a significant decrease (P < 0.01) was observed immediately after the operation. On the basis of the parameters studied it can be concluded that early healing and better cosmoses were achieved by laparoscopic sterilization (vasectomy) in male dogs as compared to the conventional open method of castration and the technique can be successfully applied for mass sterilization programs.
Laparoscopic sterilization vs. open method sterilization in dogs: a comparison of two techniques
Ten clinically healthy, adult male dogs randomly equally divided into 2 groups (I and II) were subjected to laparoscopic sterilization and open method castration under xylazine-ketamine anesthesia. In group I laparoscopic vasectomy by cauterization and cutting of the vas deferens was performed and in group II conventional open castration by the pre-scrotal approach was done. Insufflation of the abdominal cavity was achieved with CO2 (2 L/min) at 10 mmHg pressure gradient. Two ports were needed to carry out the operation. Clinical observations revealed no significant changes. Differential leukocyte count (DLC) revealed significant neutrophilia and comparative lymphopenia on the 3rd postoperative day in both the groups. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in plasma alkaline and acid phosphatase level was observed in both the groups on day 3 postoperatively. Indices of oxidative stress viz. lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione activity and acute phase protein, and ceruloplasmin level in plasma did not reveal any major significant changes. Plasma cortisol level did not show any significant change in group I whereas in group II the level increased significantly (P < 0.01) after the operation. No significant change in testosterone level was observed in group I whereas in group II a significant decrease (P < 0.01) was observed immediately after the operation. On the basis of the parameters studied it can be concluded that early healing and better cosmoses were achieved by laparoscopic sterilization (vasectomy) in male dogs as compared to the conventional open method of castration and the technique can be successfully applied for mass sterilization programs.
___
- Tan, M., Xu, F.F., Peng, J.S., Li, D.M., Chen, L.H., Lv, B.J., Zhao,
- Z.X., Huang, C., Zheng, C.X.: Changes in the level of serum liver
- enzymes after laparoscopic surgery. World J. Gastroenterol., 2003; 9: 364-367.
- Johnson, S.E., Sherding, R.G.: Diseases of liver and biliary tract. In: Brichard, S.J., Sherding, R.G. Eds., Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 1999; 824- 873.
- Rosol, T.J., Capen, C.C.: Calcium regulating hormones and diseases of abnormal mineral metabolism. In: Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W., Bruss, M.L. Eds., Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. Academic Press, London. 1997; 619-702.
- Kumaraguruparan, R., Balachandran, C., Manohar, B.M., Nagini, S.: Altered oxidant-antioxidant profile in canine mammary tumours. Vet. Res. Commun., 2005; 29: 287-296.
- Fridovich, I.: Free Radicals in Biology. In: Proyer, W.Q. Ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York. 1978; 239.
- Bisla, R.S., Jit Singh, Chawla, S.K., Krishnamurthy, D.: Assessment of ascorbic acid as an anti-oxidant in buffaloes during diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy. Indian J. Vet. Surg., 2004; 25: 94-97.
- Gouazé, V., Mirault, M.E, Carpentier, S., Salvayre, R., Levade, T., Andrieu-Abadie, N.: Glutathione peroxidase-1 overexpression prevents ceramide production and partially inhibits apoptosis in doxorubicin-treated human breast carcinoma cells. Mol. Pharmacol., 2001; 60: 488-496.
- Hafeman, D.G., Sunde, R.A., Hoekstra, W.G.: Effect of dietary selenium on erythrocyte and liver glutathione peroxidase in the rat. J. Nutr., 1974; 104: 580-587.
- Conner, J.G., Eckersall, P.D., Ferguson, J., Douglas, T.A.: Acute- phase response in the dog following surgical trauma. Res. Vet. Sci., 1988; 45: 107-110.
- Solter, P.F., Hoffmann, W.E., Hungerford, L.L., Siegel, J.P., Denis, S.H., Dorner, J.L.: Haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin as determinants of inflammation in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1991; 52: 1738-1742.
- Eckersall, P.D., Conner, J.G.: Bovine and canine acute phase proteins. Vet. Res. Commun., 1988; 12: 169-178.
- Hume, D.M., Egdahl, R.H.: The importance of the brain in the endocrine response to injury. Ann. Surg., 1959; 150: 697-712.
- Kehlet, H.: Neurohumoral response to surgery and pain in man. In: Bond, M.R., Charlton, J.E., Woolf, C.J. Eds., Proc. 6thWorld Congress on Pain. Elsevier, The Netherlands, Amsterdam. 1991; 35-40.
- Marcovich, R., Williams, A.L. Seifman, B.D., Wolf, J.S. Jr.: A canine model to assess the biochemical stress response to laparoscopic and open surgery. J. Endourol., 2001; 15: 1005- 1008.
- Hancock, R.B., Lanz, O.I., Waldron, D.R., Duncan, R.B., Broadstone, R.V., Hendrix, P.K.: Comparison of postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy by harmonic scalpel-assisted laparoscopy compared with median celiotomy and ligation in dogs. Vet. Surg., 2005; 34: 273-282.
- Batista, M., Prats, N., Calero, P., González, F., Cabrera, F., Medrano, A., Gracia, A.: Semen characteristics and plasma levels of testosterone after bilateral vasectomy in bucks. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 2002; 37: 375-378.
- Ortega-Pacheco, A., Bolio-González, M.E., Colin-Flores, R.F., Sauri-Arceo, C.H., Guttiérrez-Blanco, E., Jiménez-Coello, M., Linde Forsberg, C.: Evaluation of a Burdizzo castrator for neutering of dogs. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 2006; 41: 227-232.
- Niu, Y.J., Ma, T.X., Zhang, J., Xu, Y., Han, R.F., Sun, G.: Androgen and prostatic stroma. Asian J. Androl., 2003; 5: 19-26.