Egg production, egg quality, and cecal microbial populations of layersfed diets supplemented with fermented phytogenic feed additive
Egg production, egg quality, and cecal microbial populations of layersfed diets supplemented with fermented phytogenic feed additive
This study was undertaken to examine the effect of fermented phytogenic feed additive (FPFA) containing Gynura procumbensand Rehmannia glutinosa on egg production, egg quality, and cecal microflora population in layers. In total, 288 Hy-Line brown layers were randomly divided into 4 dietary treatment groups with 6 replicate pens per treatment group for 5 weeks. The dietary treatments were the control group (CON; basal diet without FPFA), FPFA1 (CON + 0.5% FPFA), FPFA2 (CON + 1% FPFA), and FPFA3 (CON + 2% FPFA). Egg production and egg weight during the experiment (35 39 weeks) improved linearly with the supplementation of 1% and 2% FPFA. Eggshell strength, albumen height, and Haugh unit were significantly higher in birds fed 1% or 2% FPFA compared with the control group. The cecal microflora populations of Lactobacillus showed a linear increase, whereas cecal microflora populations of E. coli showed a linear decrease related to the level of FPFA addition in the diet. The results of the experiment indicate that adding 1% and 2% FPFA (but not 0.5% FPFA) to the diet of layers can improve their laying performance, egg weight, eggshell strength, albumen height, Haugh unit, and cecal microflora; therefore, diets containing FPFA may enhance the physiologic condition of layers during the laying period.
___
- 1. Park JH, Kang SN, Chu GM, Jin SK. Growth performance, blood cell profiles, and meat quality properties of broilers fed with Saposhnikovia divaricata, Lonicera japonica, and Chelidonium majus extracts. Livest Sci 2014; 165: 87-94.
- 2. Khalaji S, Zaghari M, Hatami KH, Hedari-Dastjerdi S, Lotfi L, Nazarian H. Black cumin seeds, Artemisia leaves (Artemisia sieberi), and Camellia L. plant extract as phytogenic products in broiler diets and their effects on performance, blood constituents, immunity, and cecal microbial population. Poultry Sci 2011; 90: 2500-2510.
- 3. Perry LM. Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press; 1980.
- 4. Piątczak E, Królicka A, Wielanek M, Wysokińska H. Hairy root cultures of Rehmannia glutinosa and production of iridoid and phenylethanoid glycosides. Acta Physiol Plant 2012; 34: 2215-2224.
- 5. Huang KC. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 1998.
- 6. Jin CH, Lee YM, Kang MA, Park YD, Choi DS, Byun MW, Jeong IY. Anti-inflammatory activities of ethylacetate extract of Rehmannia glutinosa in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2009; 18: 923-927.
- 7. National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press; 1994.
- 8. Lee WS, Paik IK. Modification of herbal product (Herb Mix®) to improve the efficacy on the growth and laying performance of chickens. Korean Journal of Poultry Science 2007; 34: 245-251.
- 9. Hong JW, Kim IH, Kwon OS, Lee SH, Lee JM, Kim YC, Min BJ, Lee WB. Effects of Korean medical herb residue supplementation on the egg quality and serum cholesterol of laying hens under heat stress. Korean Journal of Poultry Science 2001; 3: 259-265.
- 10. Aydin R, Karaman M, Cicek T, Yardibi H. Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) supplementation into the diet of the laying hen positively influences egg yield parameters, shell quality, and decrease egg cholesterol. Poultry Sci 2008; 87: 2590-2595.
- 11. Lokaewmanee K, Yamauchi K, Komori T, Saito K. Eggshell quality, eggshell structure and small intestinal histology in laying hens fed dietary Pantoea-6® and plant extracts. Ital J Anim Sci 2014; 13: 332-339.
- 12. Guo FC, Williams BA, Kwakkel RP, Li HS, Li XP, Luo JY, Li WK, Verstegen MWA. Effect of mushroom and herb polysaccharides, as alternative for antibiotics, on the cecal microbial ecosystem in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci 2004; 83: 175-182.
- 13. Hernandez F, Madrid J, Garcia V, Orengo J, Megias M. D. Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size. Poultry Sci 2004; 83: 169-174.
- 14. Amad AA, Männer K, Wendler KR, Neumann K, Zentek J. Effects of a phytogenic feed additive on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci 2011; 90: 2811-2816.
- 15. Yam M, Sadikun A, Asmawi M. Antioxidant potential of Gynura procumbens. Pharm Biol 2008; 46: 616-625.
- 16. Zhang XF, Tan BKH. Effects of an ethanolic extract of Gynura procumbens on serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Singapore Med J 2000; 41: 9-13.
- 17. Kim MJ, Lee HJ, Wiryowidagdo S, Kim HK. Antihypertensive effects of Gynura procumbens extract in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Med Food 2006; 9: 587-590.
- 18. Akowuah GA, Sadikun A, Mariam A. Flavonoid identification and hypoglycaemic studies of the butanol fraction from Gynura procumbens. Pharm Biol 2002; 40: 405-410.
- 19. Iskander MN, Song Y, Coupar IM, Jiratchariyakul W. Antiinflammatory screening of the medicinal plant Gynura procumbens. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2002; 57: 233-244.
- 20. Mahmood AA, Mariod AA, Al-Bayaty F, Abdel-Wahab SI. Anti-ulcerogenic activity of Gynura procumbens leaf extract against experimentally-induced gastric lesions in rats. J Med Plant Res 2010; 4: 685-691.
- 21. Nisa F, Hermawan A, Murwanti R, Meiyanto E. Antiproliferative effect of Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. leaves etanolic extract on 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)antracene induced male rat liver. Adv Pharm Bull 2012; 2: 99-106.
- 22. Tomoda M, Kato S, Onuma M. Water-soluble constituents of rehmanniae radix. I. Carbohydrates and acids of Rehmannia glutinosa f. hueichingensis. Chem Pharm Bull 1971; 19: 1455-1460.
- 23. Liang AH, Xue BY, Wang JH, Hao JD, Yang H, Yi H. A study on hemostatic and immunologic actions of fresh- and dry Dihuang. China J Chin Mater Med 1999; 24: 663-666.
- 24. Tan W, Yu KQ, Liu YY, Ouyang MZ, Yan MH, Luo R, Zhao XS. Anti-fatigue activity of polysaccharides extract from Radix Rehmanniae Preparata. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50: 59-62.
- 25. Gao XD, Wu WT. Biological function of five Chinese traditional drugs on proliferation and IL-2 production of the mice lymphocytes. Chin Pharm J 1990; 21: 43-45.
- 26. Chao JC, Chiang SW, Wang CC, Tsai YH, Wu MS. Hot water extracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 4478-4484.
- 27. Oh HL, You BR, Kim HJ, Lee JY, Kim NY, Song JE, Kim MR. Quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of Rehmanniae radix paste. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2011; 40: 1518-1524.
- 28. Hole AS, Rud I, Grimmer S, Sigl S, Narvhus J, Sahlstrøm S. Improved bioavailability of dietary phenolic acids in whole grain barley and oat groat following fermentation with probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Lactobacillus reuteri. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60: 6369-6375.
- 29. Cho KM, Hong SY, Math RK, Lee JH, Kambiranda DM, Kim JM, Islam SMA, Yun MG, Cho JJ, Lim WJ et al.Biotransformation of phenolics (isoflavones, flavanols and phenolic acids) during the fermentation of cheonggukjang by Bacillus pumilus HY1. Food Chem2009; 114: 413-419.
- 30. Huynh NT, Van Camp J, Smagghe G, Raes K. Improved release and metabolism of flavonoids by steered fermentation processes: a review. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15: 19369-19388.