2014

Effects of full-fat soybean diet on performance, carcass characteristics,and fatty acid composition of Hanwoo steers

The effect of dietary full-fat soybean on performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers was investigated. Thirty steers (653 ± 52.96 kg) were allotted to control and full-fat soybean groups with a 210-day comparative feedlot trial. Steers were fed either the basal finishing diet (control) or control plus 5% full-fat soybean, using Calan gates for individual intake measurement. There was no difference in BW, feed intake, carcass weight, backfat thickness, loin muscle area, or meat color between groups. The average daily gain was greater (P < 0.05) in the soybean group compared to the control group. Steers fed soybean showed a lower feed conversion ratio than the controls. Marbling in the soybean group was greater (P < 0.05) than that in the control group. Supplementary full-fat soybean increased (P < 0.05) crude fat but decreased (P < 0.05) crude protein content in the longissimus muscle. Full-fat soybean increased (P < 0.05) total unsaturated fatty acids, including the levels of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid but, consequently, decreased (P < 0.05) total saturated fatty acids. Levels of conjugated linoleic acid, and its major precursor trans-vaccenic acid, were significantly increased by soybean supplementation. Our results demonstrate that full-fat soybeans may offer a better way to produce healthier beef with increased unsaturated fatty acids.

PDF

___

1. Kim SI, Cho BR, Choi CB. Effects of sesame meal on growth performances and fatty acid composition free amino acid contents, and panel tests of loin of Hanwoo steers. J Anim Sci Technol 2013; 55: 451-460.
2. Whigham LD, Cook ME, Atkinson RL. Conjugated linoleic acid: implications for human health. Pharmacol Res 2000; 42: 503-510.
3. Frische J, Frische S, Solomon MB, Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP, Morehouse K, Ku Y. Quantitative determination of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in beef fat. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2000; 102: 667-672.
4. Dhiman TR, Nam SH, Ure AL. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content in milk and meat.Critical Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005; 45: 463-482.
5. Whang KY. Full-fat soybean in livestock feed. Korean Soybean Digest 1990; 7: 29-34.
6. Enser M, Scollan ND, Choi NJ, Kurt E, Hallett K, Wood JD. Effect of dietary lipid on the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in beef muscle. J Anim Sci 1999; 69: 143-146.
7. McGuire MA, Duckett SK, Andrae JG, Giesy JG, Hunt CW. Effect of high-oil corn on content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in beef. J Anim Sci 1998; 76: 301 (Abstr).
8. Beaulieu AD, Drackley JK, Merchen NR, Falkenstein EL. Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid in beef carcasses are not increased by supplementing a high-corn diet with 5.0% soybean oil. J Anim Sci 2000; 78: 285.
9. Madron MS, Peterson DG, Dwyer DA, Corl BA, Baumgard LH, Beermann DH, Bauman DE. Effect of extruded full-fat soybeans on conjugated linoleic acid content of intramuscular, intermuscular, and subcutaneous fat in beef steers. J Anim Sci 2001; 80: 1135-1143.
10. Korean Feeding Standard. National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Korea: 2012.
11. Livestock Quality Assessment. Grading of Carcasses: Methods, Standards and Enforcement. Seoul, Korea: 2007.
12. AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. Washington, DC, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists International; 2000.
13. Goering HK, Van Soest PJ. Forage fiber analyses (apparatus reagents, procedures, and some applications). In: Agric. Handbook No. 379. Washington DC, USA: ARS USDA; 1970.
14. Lepage G, Roy CC. Direct transesterification of all classes of lipid in a one-step reaction. J Lipid Research 1989; 27: 114-120.
15. Choi SH, Park SK, Johnson BJ, Chung KY, Choi CW, Kim KH, Kim WY, Smith SB. AMPKα, C/EBPβ, CPT1β, GPR43, PPARγ, and SCD gene expression in single- and co-cultured bovine satellite cells and intramuscular preadipocytes treated with palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 2015; 28: 411-419.
16. SAS. SAS Users Guide: Statistics. Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute Inc.; 2002.
17. Ramirez JE, Zinn RA. Interaction of dietary magnesium level on the feeding value of supplemental fat in finishing diets for feedlot steers. J Anim Sci 2000; 78: 2072-2080.
18. Tice EM, Eastridge ML, Firkins JL. Raw soybeans and roasted soybean of different particle sizes. 1. Digestibility and utilization by lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 1993;76: 224-235.
19. Felton EED, Kerley MS. Performance and carcass quality of steer fed different sources of dietary fat. J Anim Sci 2004; 82: 1794-1805.
20. May SG, Dolezal HG, Gill DR, Ray FK, Buchanan DS. Effects of days fed, carcass grade traits, and subcutaneous fat removal on postmortem muscle characteristics and beef palatability. J Anim Sci 1992; 70: 444-453.
21. Cameron PJ, Zembayashi DK, Lunt T, Mitsuhashi M, Mitsumoto S, Smith SB. Relationship between Japanese beef marbling standard and lipid in the M. longissimus thoracis of Japanese black and American Wagyu cattle. Meat Sci 1994; 38: 361-364.
22. Luchak GL, Miller RK, Brlk KE, Hale DS, Michaelsen SA, Johnson DD, West RL, Leak FW, Cross HR, Savell JW. Determination of sensory chemical and cooking characteristics of retail beef cuts differing in intramuscular and external fat. Meat Sci 1988; 50: 55-72.
23. Nelson JL, Dolezla HG, Ray FK, Morgan JB. Characterization of certified Angus beef steaks from the round, loin, and chuck. J Anim Sci 2004;82: 1437-1444.
24. Lee SH, Choi NJ, Maeng WJ. Effect of full-fat soybean and linseed as dietary fat sources on in virto ruminal disappearances of dry matter and C18-unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acids profile. J Anim Sci Technol 2003; 45: 443-454.
25. Ritzenthaler KL, McGuire MK, Falen R, Shultz TD, Dasgupta N, McGuire MA. Estimation of conjugated linoleic acid intake by written dietary assessment methodologies underestimates actual intake evaluated by food duplicate methodology. J Nutr 2001; 131: 1548-1554.
26. Griinari JM, Bauman DE. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid and its incorporation into meat and milk in ruminants. In: Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research. Champaign, IL, USA: AOCS Press; 1999. pp. 180-200.
27. Mir PS, Mir Z, Kuber PS, Gaskins CT, Martin EL, Dodson MV, Elias Calles JA, Johnson KA, Busboom JR, Wood AJ, Pittenger GJ, Reeves JJ. Growth, carcass characteristics, muscle conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and response to intravenous glucose challenge in high percentage Wagyu, Wagyu X Limousin, and Limousin steers fed sunflower oil-containing diets. J Anim Sci 2002; 80: 2996-3004.
28. Wachira AM, Sinclair LA, Wilkinson RG, Enser M, Wood JD, Fisher AV. Effects of dietary fat source and breed on the carcass composition, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid content of sheep meat and adipose tissue. British J Nutr 2002; 88: 697-709.
29. Bauman DE, Barbano DM, Dwyer DA. Technical note: production of butter with enhanced conjugated linoleic acid for use in biomedical studies with animal models. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83: 2422-2425.
30. Corl BA, Baumgard LH, Dwyer DA, Griinari JM, Phillips BS, Bauman DE. The role of delta (9)-destaurase in the production of cis-9, trans-11CLA.H. Nutr 2001; 38: 225-232.