Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Adana and Antakya regions of Turkey
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 was found to be dominant in Turkey. In this study, HCV genotypes were examined in the Adana and Antakya regions of Turkey. Materials and methods: The study consisted of 639 HCV-RNA–positive patients with chronic HCV infection in Adana (214 males and 101 females) and Antakya (139 males and 185 females) in Turkey. Real time-polymerase chain reaction was used for genotype determination. Results: In Antakya, it was determined that the percentages of genotypes of type 1a (0.31%), 1b (86.73%), 2 (9.26%), 3 (0.93%), and 4 (2.78%) were compatible with the nationwide results seen in Turkey. In Adana, the percentages of genotypes of type 1a (3.49%), 1b (55.24%), 2 (14.60%), 3 (26.03%), and 4 (0.63%) were found to be different. This difference was mainly due to the infection rates in males: genotype 1b was significantly lower (42.5% versus 82.2%, P < 0.001) in men in Adana, but genotype 2 (17.8% versus 7.9%, P = 0.021) and genotype 3 (34.6% versus 7.9%, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in men than in women in Adana. Conclusion: Rates of genotypes 2 and 3 were unexpectedly high in Adana compared to other parts of Turkey.
Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Adana and Antakya regions of Turkey
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 was found to be dominant in Turkey. In this study, HCV genotypes were examined in the Adana and Antakya regions of Turkey. Materials and methods: The study consisted of 639 HCV-RNA–positive patients with chronic HCV infection in Adana (214 males and 101 females) and Antakya (139 males and 185 females) in Turkey. Real time-polymerase chain reaction was used for genotype determination. Results: In Antakya, it was determined that the percentages of genotypes of type 1a (0.31%), 1b (86.73%), 2 (9.26%), 3 (0.93%), and 4 (2.78%) were compatible with the nationwide results seen in Turkey. In Adana, the percentages of genotypes of type 1a (3.49%), 1b (55.24%), 2 (14.60%), 3 (26.03%), and 4 (0.63%) were found to be different. This difference was mainly due to the infection rates in males: genotype 1b was significantly lower (42.5% versus 82.2%, P < 0.001) in men in Adana, but genotype 2 (17.8% versus 7.9%, P = 0.021) and genotype 3 (34.6% versus 7.9%, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in men than in women in Adana. Conclusion: Rates of genotypes 2 and 3 were unexpectedly high in Adana compared to other parts of Turkey.
___
- World Health Organization. Hepatitis C fact sheet. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2014. Available at http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/.
- Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hutin YJ, Bell BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol 2006; 45: 529–538.
- Forns X, Bukh J. The molecular biology of hepatitis C virus. Genotypes and quasispecies. Clin Liver Dis 1999; 3: 693–716.
- Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5: 558–567.
- Hadziyannis SJ, Sette H Jr, Morgan TR, Balan V, Diago M, Marcellin P, Ramadori G, Bodenheimer H Jr, Bernstein D, Rizzetto M et al. Peginterferon-α2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 346–355.
- Simmonds P, Bukh J, Combet C, Deléage G, Enomoto N, Feinstone S, Halfon P, Inchauspé G, Kuiken C, Maertens G et al. Consensus proposals for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology 2005; 42: 962–973.
- Abacioglu YH, Davidson F, Tuncer S, Yap PL, Ustacelebi S, Yulug N, Simmonds P. The distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Turkish patients. Viral Hepatit J 1995; 2: 297–301.
- Erensoy S, Goksel S, Akarca US, Ozkahya M, Canatan D. Genotyping of hepatitis C virus by direct sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction products. Flora 2002; 7: 104–111.
- Bozdayı G, Rota S, Verdi H, Derici Ü, Sindel Ş, Bali M, Başay T. Investigation of the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hemodialysis patients and determination of HCV genotypes. Mikrobiyol Bul 2002; 36: 291–300 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Bozdayi AM, Aslan N, Bozdayi G, Türkyilmaz AR, Sengezer T, Wend U, Erkan O, Aydemir F, Zakirhodjaev S, Orucov S et al. Molecular epide miology of hepatitis B, C and D viruses in Turkish patients. Arch Virol 2004; 149: 2115–2129.
- Selcuk H, Kanbay M, Korkmaz M, Gur G, Akcay A, Arslan H, Ozdemir N, Yilmaz U, Boyacioglu S. Distribution of HCV genotypes in patients with end-stage renal disease according to type of dialysis treatment. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51: 1420–1425. Çil T, Özekinci T, Göral V, Altıntaş A. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in the southeast region of Turkey. Türkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2007; 27: 496–500 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Kalaycı R, Altındiş M, Gülamber C, Demirtürk N, Akcan Y, Demirdal T. Genotype distribution of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C patients and investigation of the resistance patterns in hepatitis B cases. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 237–243 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Karslıgil T, Savaş E, Savaş MC. Genotype distribution and 5’ UTR nucleotide changes in hepatitis C virus. Balkan Med J 2011; 28: 232–236 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Küçüköztaş MF, Özgüneş N, Yazıcı S. Investigation of the relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes with HCV-RNA and alanine aminotransferase levels in chronic hepatitis C patients. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 111–115 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Gökahmetoğlu S, Atalay MA, Kılınç A. Determination of the hepatitis C virus genotypes with ‘pyrosequencing’ method. Erciyes Med J 2011; 33: 99–102 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Kayman T, Karakükçü Ç, Karaman A, Gözütok F. Genotypic distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in Kayseri region. J Turk Mikrobiyol Soc 2012; 42: 21–26 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Yarkın F, Hafta A. The distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Viral Hepatit J 2000; 3: 164–167 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Sönmez E, Taşyaran MA, Kızılkaya N, Korkut H, Tombul Z, Akçam ZC, Yılmaz Ş, Köksal F, Leblebicioğlu H, Ekici H. The distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in 59 HCV infected patients: a multicenter study. Flora 1996; 2: 92–95 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Yalçın K, Değertekin H, Akkız H. HCV genotypes in HCV related chronic hepatitis in Southeast Anatolia. Turk J Gastroenterol 1999; 10: 249–252.
- Özacar T, Altuğlu İ, Zeytinoğlu A, Sayıner AA, Akarca U, Erensoy S, Bilgiç A. Distribution of HCV genotypes in chronic hepatitis C. Mikrobiyol Bul 2001; 35: 451–458 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Altindis M, Yilmaz S, Dikengil T, Acemoglu H, Hosoglu S. Seroprevalence and genotyping of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV among healthy population and Turkish soldiers in Northern Cyprus. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 6792–6796. Gökahmetoğlu S, Bozdayı M, Özbakır O, Aygen B, Özbal Y, Soyuer I, Yıldız O. Hepatitis C virus genotypes detected in Erciyes University. J Turk Mikrobiyol Soc 2007; 37: 35–38.
- Ural O, Arslan U, Fındık D. The distribution of hepatitis C virus genotype in the Konya region, Turkey. Turkish J Infection 2007; 21: 175–181 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Altuglu I, Soyler I, Ozacar T, Erensoy S. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection in western Turkey. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 12: 239–244. Şanlıdağ T, Akçalı S, Özbakkaloğlu B, Ertekin D, Akduman E. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotype in Manisa region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2009; 43: 613–618 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Çiftçi İH, Er H, Aşık G, Aktepe OC, Altındiş M. The distribution of genotype of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA positive patients. Med J Kocatepe 2009; 10: 21–24 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Ozbek E, Ozekinci T, Mese S, Atmaca S. Hepatitis C virus genotypes are changing in the southeast of Turkey. Biotechnol Biotechnol Eq 2009; 23: 1521–1523.
- Aktaş E, Ögedey ED, Külah C, Beğendik Cömert F. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in a province of western Black-Sea region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44: 647–650 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Çelik C, Bakıcı MZ, Kaygusuz R, Ertürk R. The searching of HCV genotyping distributions in the region of Sivas. Viral Hepatit J 2010; 16: 106–110 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).